Appendix IV. Supplementary Reading

Text 1. What Are Fossil Fuels?

Fossil fuels form from the remains of plants and animals that died millions of years ago. Over time, these remains sank to the bottom of the seas and oceans, and as layers grew on top of them they were subjected to enormous pressure and heat, causing the remains to break down into hydrocarbons, or compounds made of hydrogen and carbon. When these hydrocarbons are burned, the energy they release can be used to powers cars, produce electricity and heat homes.

Speech Patterns

Millions of	years	Мільйони	років
Hundreds of	people	Сотні	людей
Thousands of	books	Тисячі	книжок

Choose one of the options.

1. Fossil fuels were formed from ____.

a) ancient plants and animals b) carbon c) water

2. Chemically fossil fuels are ___.

a) compounds of oxygen b) acids c) hydrocarbons

3. When these fuels burn they ___ energy.

a) annihilate b) absorb c) release

Text 2. Where do Rainbows Come from?

Light bends as it travels from one location to another, due to the different speeds at which it travels through different mediums. This process of natural bending is referred to as refraction. When light passes through a prism, the different colours of the light refract out at different angles, dispersing and becoming individually visible to the human eye. The same principle applies when light passes through a droplet of water in the air. If enough light passes through enough droplets in a confined area, the refracted pattern of light is visible to humans as a bent stripe of multiple colours, known everywhere as a rainbow.

Speech Patterns

Kharkov is often referred to as a first capital.	Харків часто називають першою столицею.
This law is referred to as a “thumb rule”.	Цей закон називається правилом буравчика.

Choose one of the options.

1. Refraction is the process of natural ___ of light.

a) shining b) dissolution c) bending

2. When light passes through a prism, one can see different ___.

a) pictures b) colours c) movies

3. A rainbow is light passing through ___.

a) elementary particles b) a mountain c) droplets of water

Text 3. Where Does Metal Come From?

Most metal is mined straight out of the earth in the form of ore. Ore is any part of the Earth’s crust, often a mixture of rocks, loose soil and other earthy materials, from which a valuable material can be extracted. This can be difficult, since the desirable metal is often locked in chemical compounds with other unwanted materials and filled with impurities. Ore refiners must find the best way to separate each useful element from the rest of the ore in which it lies. One common method of extraction is smelting, which is where refiners heat the ore to extremely high temperatures with the use of powerful furnaces. This makes it easier to get the pure metals out. In the refining of iron, for instance, the smelting process releases unwanted particles of oxygen that populate raw iron ore.

Speech Patterns

He	comes from	Spain.	Він родом з Іспанії.
Milk		cows.	Молоко дають корови.
The word “wall”		the Latin “wallum”.	Слово «wall» походить з латинського «wallum».

Choose one of the options.

1. Most metals are extracted from ___.

a) ore b) ear c) air

2. Ore always contains ___.

a) all the chemical elements b) some impurities c) only pure metal

3. To get the pure metal metallurgists use special ___.

a) furniture b) furnaces c) solvents