- •Предисловие
- •2. Read and translate text ia using a dictionary.
- •3. Look through the text and answer the questions.
- •4. Translate the following word combinations from Russian into English:
- •5. Complete the gaps with the word form the text
- •6. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to Com plex Subject.
- •7. Express your opinion and discuss the problems.
- •8. Read and translate text ib. Text ib. Alternative Energy
- •9. Speak about the alternatives of using renewable and non renewable sources of energy.
- •Give the abstracts for text ib both in English and in Russian.
- •Read text 1с and make a brief summary in English.
- •Unit II
- •1. A. Find pairs of synonyms among the given words.
- •2. Read and translate text a using a dictionary. Text iia. Solar Energy
- •2. Look through the text and answer the questions.
- •3. Translate the following attributive constructions into Russian.
- •4. Explain in English what these terms mean.
- •5. Complete the following sentences using Gerund and translate them into Russian.
- •6. Translate the following sentences paying attention to Gerund.
- •Look through the text and try to explain why solar energy systems are unique.
- •Make a round table talk discussing advantages and disadvantages of solar power. Use additional material to prove your point of view.
- •Read and translate text iib.
- •10. Retell the text using the following dates:
- •11. Read text iic and make a brief summary in English.
- •Text iiia. Wind Turbine
- •6. Read text ihb and answer the questions.
- •Text ihb.Wind Energy
- •7. Translate the following sentences using Inversion.
- •8. Find in text iiib English equivalents for the following word combinations:
- •9. Read text iiic and make a brief summary in written form.
- •Unit IV
- •1. Translate the following verbs and make up sentences with them.
- •2. Read and translate text iva using a dictionary. Text iva. Geothermal Power
- •3. Look through text iva and answer the questions.
- •4. Complete the sentences.
- •5. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Absolute Participial Construction.
- •6. Translate the sentences paying attention to the meaning of the verb "to do".
- •Speak about the advantages of geothermal power.
- •Read text ivb and answer the question: why is biomass available solution to the global energy problems?
- •Text ivb. Biomass Energy
- •9. Speak about biomass as an alternative source of renewable en ergy.
- •10. Read text ivc and make a brief summary in written form. Text ivc. Hydrogen & Fuel Cells
Look through the text and try to explain why solar energy systems are unique.
Make a round table talk discussing advantages and disadvantages of solar power. Use additional material to prove your point of view.
Read and translate text iib.
Text IIB. History of Solar Electric Power
Photovoltaic - basically means having the ability to convert light directly into electricity.
In 1838, physicist Edmund Becquerel, at the age of nineteen, was the first scientist to publish observations about this natural "photo-
voltaic" phenomenon of materials. Edmund's reported observations were considered very interesting yet there were seemingly no practical applications.
35 years later, in 1873, Willoughby Smith first reported observing the light sensitivity of the element selenium while testing materials for underwater telegraph cables for the Telegraph Construction Company in Great Britain. The first observation of the photovoltaic effect in a solid led to experimentation and speculation in possible uses of a selenium solar cell.
In 1883, inventor Charles Fritz produced a solar cell with a conversion efficiency of 1-2 %. This invention that produced usable electricity from sunlight caused a considerable amount of excitement for the potential use. However, industrial or commercial applications did not materialize.
By the time Thomas Edison received the first patent for incandescent light bulb in 1898, generating electricity with large turbines was the accepted standard. The research surrounding electricity at this time was more focused on the control and distribution from centralized generators and the uses of electricity. Consumer electrical product development and marketing of electrical devices became big business.
Modern solar electric power technologies came about in 1954 when Bell Laboratories experimentation with semiconductors unexpectedly found silicon doped with certain impurities was very sensitive to light. The end result was the invention of the first practical solar modules with an energy conversion efficiency of around 6 percent.
Over the last few decades, NASA has used photovoltaic cells extensively proving the technology to be an excellent means to supply electrical power for the communications, instruments, and controls in spacecraft. The current space station has a large solar electric system for generating electricity.
Photovoltaics in the 1950's and 60's was still considered by most as a futuristic technology appropriate only for high tech remote and special applications. This attitude was mainly due to the high expense of manufacturing the solar cells.
Photovoltaics (or "solar cells") being produced today have greatly improved conversion efficiencies and much more cost efficient production methods. With today's large scale production of solar cells the cost
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of the cells have now become affordable and cost efficient for many applications requiring electricity
Solar electric systems are now installed on tens of thousands of homes, businesses, communication stations, and countless other applications, supplying all or part of their electrical energy needs. Around the world many more systems are being installed every day.
Why not to begin producing clean, renewable energy for some of your power needs today?