Participle
Ex. 1. Mind the translation of different forms of the Participle.
I
Example: 1). Examining the effect of radiation the scientists... Вивчаючи вплив радіації, вчені...
2). The scientists examining the effect of radiation discovered... Вчені, що вивчають (ли) вплив радіації, відкрили...
Adjusting the installation properly we undertook certain measures to prevent the trouble.
Accepting this unusual assumption we could not but notice (не могли не) the discrepancy between the results.
Ambient temperature affecting the process in question caused inevitable errors.
Consequently gamma ray photons resulting from the annihilation event carry no charge, charge is thus conserved.
II
Example: Being carried out in several laboratories the tests show...
Оскільки (якщо, коли) досліди проводяться в декількох лабораторіях, вони ...
The tests being earned out in several laboratories show...
Досліди, які проводяться в декількох лабораторіях лабораторіях, демонструють...
Being performed at a temperature exceeding the critical point of the substance the experiment illustrated another peculiarity of transition from liquid to vapor.
Being supplied by the auxiliary source the electric power may feed the system of safety at nuclear power stations.
A problem being examined in this chapter comprises relations of interdependence among physical occurrences.
The detailed answer naturally depends on the properties being compared here but the inherent differences are not great.
III
Example: Having extended the hypothesis the scientists...
Розширивши область застосування гіпотези, вчені...
Having been extended the hypothesis incorporated... Після того, як область застосування гіпотези була розширена, вона охопила...
We achieved desirable results having confined the precision of the solution to the error of the experiment.
Having written "I have proved that the relation xm + y,m = z is impossible in integral numbers (x, y, z different from 0: m greater than 2)" Pierre Fetmat must have been right but the proof is still sought for.
Having made a decision with regard to the interplanetary trajectory to be followed, it will be necessary to consider the mode of entry into the trajectory.
Thus having been separated, deuterium, the stable isotope of hydrogen, was collected in limited quantities.
Having thus been introduced an extra operation facilitated the computations.
Having been encouraged by Davy Faraday began original investigations, initially in chemistry and then in electricity.
Ex. 2. Mind the translation of Participle II as part of the predicate and as an attribute.
Example: The results were approved at once. Результати були схвалені негайно.
The results approved are consistent with the theory. Схвалені результати узгоджуються з теорією.
In response to your inquiry (запит) the data were generalized and published.
The data generalized aroused public interest.
The techniques were used for this kind of investigation.
The techniques used for this kind of investigation made it possible to give an explicit account for the interactions involved.
The main idea contained in the second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy does not diminish.
The principle is contained in the second law of thermodynamics and states that ordered systems tend to evolve in such a way as to increase their degree of disorder, or randomness.
The apparent paradox is referred to in describing the basic symmetry property of nature. (The assumed indifference of elementary physical laws to the direction of time.)
The apparent paradox referred to is an example of the three fundamental symmetries of nature.
The distortions have been concerned with higher harmonics, that is, multiples of the fundamental.
The distortions concerned with higher harmonics, that is, multiples of the fundamental cannot be disregarded.
Ex. 3. Mind the translation of the verb "to follow".
Following the same analysis as in section (3) you are to estimate the energy of the aggregate of particles.
The average velocity of electrons following Fermi-Dirac statistics is ten times larger than that of electrons following classical statistics.
A succession of short pulses following a long pause was converted into a continuous signal.
However unlike planets, an electron following a curved orbit omits electromagnetic radiation and so a cruising electron would continually lose energy, the diameter of its orbit would decrease and eventually it would fall into the nucleus.
Nevertheless the convention followed by the spaceship designers has been adopted after a heated discussion.
One scene (картина; явище) followed by another in rapid succession was recorded on a photographic plate.
The dissociation reaction followed by rapid cooling did not give rise to any appreciable change of volume or pressure.
Ex. 4. Translate. Mind the Verbal Forms as an attribute.
1. The results |
to be examined |
які будуть вивчені, які потрібно вивчити |
are of great significance. |
examined |
вивчені |
||
being examined |
що вивчаються |
||
2. The predictions |
to be considered |
may exceed our expectations. |
|
considered |
|||
being considered |
|||
Ex. 5 Make the necessary changes according to the example.
I
Example: The properties which were found to influence the rate of the reaction are listed below.
The properties found to influence the rate of the reaction are listed below.
Властивості, які, як вважають, впливають на швидкість реакції, перераховані нижче.
The atoms which were once thought to be invisible are not elementary (ultimate) at all.
The experiment which was predicted to be uninteresting and trivial has revealed unexpected characteristics.
A large charge transfer is required to account for the dipole momentum which has been calculated to be 678D.
The discrepancy of the results which was expected to appear due to different mathematical approaches did not allow to describe the process adequately.
The theoretical models of the formation of galaxies incorporate the physical processes which are known to govern a galaxy.
II
Example: The findings which appear to belong to the same period are of considerable value. - The findings appearing to belong to the same period are of considerable value.
Відкриття, які, очевидно, належать до того ж періодe, є дуже цінними.
The formula which appears to embrace all the cases mentioned above must be exemplified.
An experiment, which appears to yield valuable information may upset (перевернути) current theories of the flux of neutrinos received from the sun.
A new range of available pressures of 500 kilobars or more which appears to alter superconducting properties of elements and compounds will emerge.
Ex. 6. Translate. Mind the construction of Participle+Infinitive.
The only velocity known in physics to possess the desired degree of generality is the velocity of light spreading through empty space.
Thus the decrease in nonradiative loss found to be due to the shielding effect greatly contributed to the attainment of population inversion.
The particle, the graviton, thought to propagate the gravitational force, should be massless in order to account for the infinite range of gravitation, but gravitons have not yet been detected.
One of the meteorites estimated to have had a diameter of 30 feet fell in Siberia.
Ex. 7. Mind the difference in translation of Complex Subject and the construction Participle II + Infinitive.
Example: The method was thought to improve the results. Вважали (вважалося), що цей метод виправить результати.
The method thought to improve the results is quite simple.
Метод, який, як вважали (вважалося), покращить результати, простий.
The diagram shows the ionization expected to exist at various depths in the atmosphere.
Now that the anisotropy energy is no longer assumed to be large enough, the situation will be changed in the following way.
Weak interactions known to be associated with the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei are equally important for our analysis.
Since the speed of a tachyon is greater than that of light in free space, one would expect the tachyon to emit Cerenkov radiation even in vacuum, and a calculation confirms the expectation.
Through the telescope Jupiter shows a series of belts (пояс, область) found to be located parallel to its equator.
The neutrinos have no electromagnetic charge. They are thought to be massless, but that fact has not been established.
Fusion reaction known to be the process occurring in the H-bomb is the only way in which the extreme temperatures have been produced.
Ex. 8. Translate the following. Pay attention to Participle II.
The limitations imposed reduced the influence of radiation.
Any endeavour to clarify the question concerned implied fundamental understanding of the problem as a whole.
The flux of neutrinos received yielded information that might upset (відкидати) current theories of nuclear processes within the sun and similar stars.
It is essential to emphasize the methods established resulted in a considerable technical progress.
Ex. 9. Mind the difference of the function of the Past Participle.
Example: The apparatus assembled in another way will operate better.
Апарат, зібраний іншим способом...
Assembled in another way the apparatus will operate better.
Якщо (коли) зібрати апарат іншим способом, він...
A body immersed in a fluid experiences an upward force equal to the weight of the fluid, which will fill the space occupied by the immersed part of the body.
Immersed in a fluid a body experiences an upward force equal to...
Charged particles pushed at the right angles to the magnetic field move in a circle rather than in a straight line.
Pushed at the right angles to the magnetic field charged particles move in a circle rather than in a straight line.
Many compounds subjected to other forms of energy can be decomposed into simpler compounds or into their constituent elements.
Subjected to other forms of energy many compounds can be decomposed into simpler compounds or into their constituent elements.
Ex. 10. Change the time clause into the Past Participle Construction with and without "when".
Example: When acoustic holograms are viewed by laser light they become three-dimensional pictures. - (When, if) viewed by laser light acoustic holograms become three-dimensional pictures.
When a wire is properly insulated it may be used in conditions of excessive moisture (вологість).
If metallic conductors are cooled to very low temperatures they lose all their electrical resistance.
When the scientists were encouraged by favourable response to their results they continued their investigations with great enthusiasm.
Ex. 11. Translate. Mind the Past and the Present Participle Construction.
I
Once established, quantum mechanics and quantum statistics permitted countless analytical predictions to be made, many of which were confirmed by the experiment.
It is the property of the electrons to radiate energy when accelerated that accounts for many of the properties of the upper layer of the atmosphere.
The obstacle (перешкода) although expected should be overcome otherwise it will obscure (приховувати, робити незрозумілими) the results.
It wouldn't be an exaggeration to say that the present state of science if compared with what was known some three years ago conforms to this gigantic task.
If followed accurately the method may prove advantageous.
Mechanics deals with the behaviour of various types of bodies such as particles, rigid bodies, liquids and solids, when subjected to the action of external forces.
Unless interpreted in this way this evidence seems hardly strong enough to be accepted.
Unless eliminated the obstacle standing in the way of progress will delay further development of science.
In the table, unless otherwise stated, the values are at 18°C, so that the calculations based on the figures in the table must take this temperature into account.
Until calibrated the device cannot be relied upon and it can hardly be adequate for the present purpose.
Thus extended the theorem is perhaps sufficiently general to embrace the whole field of dissipative forces.
Given the fuel to be intended for long distance interplanetary flights we could have solved the problem of flight to other stars.
Given a wave train (хвильовий цуг), the amplitude spectrum is likely to be determined more accurately than the phase spectrum by Fourier analysis.
II
While handling radioactive substances we had to take a lot of precautions.
When applying this research pattern to the moon and the planets, one is confronted with another problem, namely, how these bodies were originally formed.
The capacitor stores energy in the electric field between its plates, while being charged, and returns that energy to the circuit when it is discharging.
Our society generates enormous amounts of electric power while at the same time protecting the environment.
Ex. 12. Replace the Coordinate and the Subordinate Clauses by the Nominative Absolute Construction.
I
Example: The weak force affects every particle but one and the exception is the photon. - The weak force affects every particle but one, the exception being the photon.
The accuracy decreases with decreasing temperature and the lag is so great at temperature below -20°C that the instrument is practically useless.
The electrons confined to orbitals can have only discrete energy levels and all intermediate energy levels are forbidden.
A laser beam can comprise waves of several slightly different wavelengths and one wave undergoes precisely one more cycle than another in the round trip between the mirrors.
II
Example: As atoms are held together by electromagnetic forces, their electromagnetic properties can be accurately predicted. -
Atoms being held together by electromagnetic forces, their electromagnetic properties can be accurately predicted.
If such is the case, the reactions arc not thought to proceed very violently.
As other things are equal, introducing a minute amount of impurity will hinder the reaction.
As the threshold (поріг) value increases with temperature, the current density should be high for this heating to remain effective at high temperature.
After advantages and disadvantages in propellent systems had been thoroughly studied, a good deal of problems proved to be answered.
Ex. 13. Translate. Mind the Nominative Absolute Construction.
There being no other data, the data obtained cannot be regarded as a convincing evidence in favour of this hypothesis.
All these elements are radioactive, their atoms being unstable and undergoing spontaneous disintegration.
At least two pulsars reside (знаходитися) inside supernova remnants, one being the Crab Nebula (Крабоподібна Туманність), giving further support to the theory that pulsars are in fact neutron stars.
With errors being inevitable, you might have confined your experiment to the extent necessary for understanding this principle.
Still, the procedure of producing energy being extremely involved, we avoid employing it.
This continuous "heat source" causes the ambient gas to expand outwards into interplanetary space, its particles overcoming gravitational trapping.
A new model of the scanning electron microscope having been developed, the resulting image can depict (відображати) topographic features with astonishing clarity.
The propellent constitutes approximately nine-tenth of the "take-off mass (маса злету). The higher the speed of the rocket, the larger the fraction of fuel required, other things being equal.
Each particle seems to be spinning perpetually, with rotation constituting one of its intrinsic properties.
Although the decimal number system will be used in discussion, the same principles will hold for programming binary computers, with only difference being in the representation of the numbers.
The molecules in a gas envelope surrounding the star appear to be in a constant motion, with the average speed increasing as the temperature increases.
Ex. 14. Mind the translation of the Participle and Participle Construction.
To the astronomers searching for blank holes the results concerned were simultaneously disappointing and also encouraging.
To some extent scientists could consider the theory incorporating this model to be very simple and straightforward.
In the region of the p-n junction, electrons and holes meet to combine, thus ceasing to exist as mobile charge carriers.
And eventually from these tests the scientists might obtain information enabling them to design instruments sensitive enough to search for X-radiation from the stars.
Employing positrons as a probe, they launched a systematic effort to explore the electronic structure of solid matter.
Taking advantage of Gabor's idea, we have designed and operated successfully a microscope in which the theoretical resolving power is 0.081.
The language used thus far in this article is consistent with the description of the hadrons as tiny billiard balls colliding and repelling from each other.
All of the propellents (ракетне пальне) referred to so far have one characteristic in common - a low boiling point.
The criterion for synchronized cell division is a positive value followed by a negative value.
It is desirable to transform these equations and to specify certain of them to effect the computations involved.
The framework of the airplane subjected to the experimental testing exhibited a widely different behaviour.
Being brought about by inaccurate measurements the errors tend to distort the magnetic characteristics of the films.
Suffice it to say here that the assumptions being currently studied constitute the basis of numerous calculations.
One can realize this apparent paradox by focusing our attention on the complexity of the process being considered.
Being actually confined to geometrical optics Huygens wave theory did not deal with phenomena of physical optics.
The stream may have acquired considerable kinetic energy having passed through a set of nozzles.
Having made these observations, however, they restricted the discussion to considerations totally within the bounds of the general theory of relativity.
Being unacquainted with mathematical symbols and methods Faraday always sought to explain his discoveries and to extend his researches by purely physical reasoning.
Having been accelerated by the field, the electron itself ionizes the atoms with which it collides along the path.
In particular the students arc well aware that having been told the basic ideas and techniques of the practical course they may proceed to designing the experiment.
Having been supposed to be true, the theory was readily accepted.
No doubt your objections are valid since the equation known to underlie this theory did not satisfy this condition.
The presence of computers themselves made it possible to mechanize many processes once believed to require human endeavours.
The "'inverse square" law of repulsion was assumed as holding good for the collisions between the alpha particles and the nucleus of an atom.
These particles can be observed rising from a substance illuminated by certain rays.
Strong interactions ordinarily take place in about 10-23 sec, and the force regarded as being strong can bring about a change in such a brief interval.
An analysis of the problem is accompanied by numerical results only for the domains currently considered developing.
Fringes become much sharper when formed by multiple reflections between surfaces of higher reflecting power.
Positrons used as a probe for exploring the nature of matter turn out to be unusually sensitive when applied to the regular arrays of atoms characteristic of most solids.
Once produced on the surface of the solid hydrogen isotope a few unbound electrons rapidly pick energy from the incident oscillating electric field.
Once the appropriately shaped laser pulse emerges from the laser, it is directed into a string (ряд) of laser amplifiers, each amplifier adding energy to the original pulse.
Unless otherwise stated, neither of these observations can be reconciled (приводити у відповідність) with his hypothesis of the generation of new particles.
Given the evidence that the model adequately fits the data, it can be used successfully irrespective of its peculiarities.
Compared with a beam of light a beam of electrons has not only a short wavelength but also a large amount of energy.
Coupled with more sophisticated (складний) wave mechanism calculations these new measurements may answer questions about the constituent parts of the particle concerned.
The capacitor stores energy in the electric field between its plates, while being charged, and returns that energy to the circuit, when it is discharging.
All the other factors being equal, the video channel intended for a three-colour television system must be three times as wide as that required for an equivalent black-and-white system.
With industrialization going on at its present rate, the world's fuel reserves will be exhausted within the near future.
Other factors being equal, maximum stability, that is maximum binding energy per nucleon, is found for nuclei with the equal numbers of protons and neutrons.
There being a close packing of molecules in a liquid, the molecular encounters occur much more frequently than in a gas under the same conditions.
The light beam emitted by a laser can be made almost perfectly parallel, its divergence angle being theoretically limited only by diffraction effects.
Various methods of cooling transformers are adopted in practice. Very small transformers are cooled by the atmosphere, no special cooling arrangements being necessary.
In these and similar measurements the vibration frequency should be varied slowly and evenly, the mechanical vibrations of the various components being very little damped.
Although the decimal number system will be used in discussion, the same principles will hold for programming binary computers, the only difference being in the representation of the numbers.