Infinitive
Ex. 1. Mind the difference in translating the Infinitive depending on the function.
I
Example: 1) To complete this research is necessary.
Завершити (завершення) це (цього) дослідження необхідно(е).
2) То complete this research we have to make a number of experiments.
Для того, щоб завершити це дослідження, ми повинні...
То account for the apparent paradox between the processes concerned is not reasonable in this event.
To carry out pure research is in effect to inquire into the fundamental properties of nature.
To remove the compass deviation in excess of the permissible range of errors was the task at hand. (безпосередня)
To exemplify this fact he had to cite an alternative approach currently in use.
To ensure (гарантувати) that the audio frequency modulation of both transmitters was in phase it was necessary to introduce a new network.
To adopt this method allowance should be made for the leakage in the operation of the linear accelerator.
II
Example: The prime task is to establish a new science center. Головне завдання полягає в тому, щоб створити...
The Institute is to establish a new science centre. Інститут повинен створити...
The main problem was to find solutions that are economically acceptable.
The most encouraging method of detecting the new particles is to examine the products of appropriate interactions.
To avoid ambiguity of the results you arc to adjust the installation before the test.
From the equations cited above all but one of the unknown functions are to be eliminated by successive substitutions.
Different particles have different masses. How are these differences in masses to be explained? They are usually attributed to a hypothetical fifth interaction, sometimes called the semi-strong force.
The prime task is to overcome the lag in economic development. For this we are to remove all the obstacles (перешкода) standing in the way of progress.
III
Example: 1) The device to amplify a small light pulse is referred to as an amplifier. Прилад, який повинен (може) підсилити ...
2) The small light pulse to be amplified is produced by a laser oscillator. Слабкий світловий імпульс, який потрібно (можна) підсилити... (який буде підсилено ...)
The only force to make an electron move is that due to the field of the other electrons.
The effect to minimize the lattice distortion (викривлення решітки) has not been left out of consideration (не врахувати, не взяти до уваги).
An alternative way to improve the confinement of plasma would be to increase the strength of the magnetic field.
Let us confine our discussion to some of the experiments that would become feasible if we had more intense sources to work with.
There is only one process to cause the departure of the experimental curve from the predicted one.
Along with the advantages of the device there are some disadvantages to be eliminated.
The excessive heat during the operation of the device was one of the problems to be solved.
The temperature to be measured in the vicinity of the boundary layer is low enough so that the electrical conductivity in this region may be negligible.
The effects to be taken into account are the initial velocities of the electrons and the induced currents caused by the movements of the electrons through the tube.
The process to follow the absorption of a photon will result in the excitation of electrons in the atom.
The process to be followed by the separation of the liquid flow from a body can be explored experimentally.
IV
Example: 1). An oxygen atom combines with two hydrogen atoms to form a molecule of water. Атом кисню об’єднується з двома атомами водню і утворюється молекула води (утворюючи молекулу води).
2). We use the ammeter to measure the current. Ми використовуємо амперметр для того, щоб виміряти силу струму.
The pressure distribution relaxes quickly to become uniform.
Rutherford proved that alpha particles arc the nuclei of helium atoms and that after the alpha particles are slowed down, they capture two electrons to become normal helium atoms.
If the velocity of a satellite exceeds escape velocity (швидкість відриву) then the satellite will leave the earth never to return.
The technique is extended to embrace nonlinear processes in plasma.
In nuclear fusion (синтез) two light nuclei combine to form a single nucleus when heated to a very high temperature.
The laboratory must have a staff of efficient (знаючий та енергійний) workers and up-to-date facilities to encourage and extend further research.
Various scales (шкала) of temperatures have been developed to assign numerical values to heat conduction of a body.
Several requirements were strictly observed in developing the software (програма для ЕОМ) to make it (software) as compatible with different computers as possible.
Ex. 2. Mind the translation of the for-phrase.
For a laser to work as an oscillator some feedback mechanism must be provided. This is accomplished by the use of a mirror on both ends of the laser medium.
For such conditions to be effected an abrupt drop of temperature is required
Certain conditions are desirable for the readings to be taken and to be plotted on the graph.
Thus it is possible for a single virtual electron to appear in a vacuum; it must always be accompanied by a particle of opposite charge, the positron.
It is impossible for the molecules in one layer (шар) to vibrate without setting the molecules in the neighbouring layers in vibration.
It is necessary for the equation to hold for all the conditions irrespective of the voltage applied.
The time for the carrier density to be reduced to 1-1 of its maximum value is defined as the lifetime.
Oxygen 15 has a half-life of only 2 minutes, but that should be enough for it to be incorporated into the blood (кров) and for the blood flow to be followed with (positron) scintigraphs.
The most important thing is for the results to be consistent with the theory derived.
That is another fact for you to use as a confirmation of the incompatibility of requirements.
In the field of superconductivity the use of pressure may also open interesting fields for the scientists to explore.
For there to be a resonant response the natural acoustic frequencies of the solid would have to correspond to the frequency of the gravitational waves.
Ex. 3. Translate. Mind the meaning of "for".
Example: Large energy is required for intrinsic conduction to occur.
Необхідна велика кількість енергії, щоб виникла власна електропровідність.
His observation is of significance for it may provide new lines to the study of the problem. Його спостереження є важливим, оскільки воно може дати новий спосіб вирішення проблеми.
It is necessary to stir (розмішувати) the solution extensively for a high degree of homogeneity to be achieved.
This point is of great practical importance for the heat transfer through a turbulent boundary layer is, in any case, much greater than the transfer through a laminar layer.
These are the obstacles standing in the way of progress for the scientists to eliminate.
To examine the influence of atomic polarization it is interesting to compare the electron and positron scattering for no exclusion principle operates in the latter case.
The wave has both electric and magnetic components; these components are bound together and are both required for the wave to exist.
The predicted dependence of frequency on the length of plasma column appears to be correct for it conforms to the theory.
It remains for a new generation to decide how to expand the application of technique and at the same time to protect the environment.
The velocity is referred to as the escape velocity for it is the minimum velocity a vehicle requires to escape the earth's gravitational field.
In this kind of transparent waveguide it is possible for a single light ray to zigzag back and forth through the inner layer, undergoing successive total reflections at both the upper and the lower interface.
Due to unusual gift (талант, здібність) in mathematics Sofia Kovalevska was awarded the highest prize of the Paris Academy. She gladly accepted it for she needed money to proceed with her work.
Ex. 4. Translate. Pay attention to the Complex Object.
I
Example: We believe these requirements to be incompatible.
Ми вважаємо, що дані вимоги є несумісними.
In any case we believe this theory to be based on classical physics and therefore on common sense (здоровий глузд).
As far as the discrepancy between the results is concerned we found it to conform with the assumption made.
From the preliminary discussion alone we might consider liquid lasers to deserve elaborate study.
Preliminary experimental results have shown tunnel diodes to be at least ten times more resistant to nuclear radiation than transistors.
On the basis of such a model one expects the conductivity for a crystal with a perfect lattice (which of course is not attainable) gradually to become infinite as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
When we used Boltzman's assumption of molecular chaos we evidently assumed that correlation could be neglected. Yet for long range coulomb forces we would expect these correlations to be important for all but very small deviations from equilibrium.
By 1933 scientists knew 17 pure elements and over 53 alloys and compounds to be superconducting.
However it was necessary to assume the signal to be subject to a considerable delay.
Physicists have found the theory to be adequate enough to explain radioactive decay of the nucleus.
Our efforts to prove this to be the case in extreme conditions were in vain.
An excess of electrons causes the atom to exhibit the properties of a body charged negatively.
II
Pay attention to the Complex Object after the verbs: to allow, to permit, to enable, to let, to make, to cause.
This model enables us to estimate how thick a dense plasma must be to absorb all the incident laser light.
Spectroscopic studies of the radiation have enabled determination of the temperature to be made.
Other scanning methods will enable the over-all optical gain to be accomplished which is equal to the refractive index, n, of the optical material employed.
Classical physics doesn't allow physicists to describe phenomena on the atomic or molecular level, it is appropriate to seek a quantum-mechanical description of such phenomena.
Dependence of the phase relation between cavity field and the signal does not permit the signal to be amplified or attenuated.
These effects let the viewer infer a three-dimensional structure from a two-dimensional micrograph (мікрофотографія, мікрознімок).
Some modern computers let eight programmes run simultaneously if all the necessary equipment is available.
In an ordinary TV set an electron beam causes the luminous image to appear on the tube.
There is no way to make a black hole rotate any faster than a=l; in effect a hole with a rotation parameter very close to 1 should slow down.
If there were no earth's gravitation the satellites would move through airless space in a straight line at a uniform speed.
Constant temperature must be maintained to make the process continue at any rate.
The pressure in the cylinder makes the piston descend; the piston is made to descend as the pressure in the cylinder rises.
And eventually (нарешті) more sensitive instruments made it possible to detect X-rays from distant sources at very high energies, corresponding to wavelength of 20 Angstroms or less.
Indeed, new results make it necessary to modify the picture that has emerged from earlier experiments.
Ex. 5. Mind the translation of the verb "to prove".
Example: We proved this metal to be an alloy. Ми довели, що цей метал є сплавом.
The metal proved to be an alloy. Виявилося, що цей метал є сплавом.
The metal was proved to be an alloy. Було доведено, що цей метал є сплавом.
Former tests proved these figures to be equally important. These figures proved to be equally important.
These figures were proved to be equally important.
We proved the two reports to be contradictory. The two reports proved to be contradictory. The two reports were proved to be contradictory.
They proved the influence of the environmental conditions to be profound (глибокий).
The influence of the environmental conditions proved to be profound.
The influence of the environmental conditions was proved to be profound.
Ex. 6. Translate. Pay attention to the Complex Subject.
Alpha particles were found to penetrate deeply within an atom without undergoing any appreciable deflection.
There has been found to be spectra of higher orders corresponding to particles which lost more than one electron.
The spin vector of the proton and the neutron has been stated to have two directions usually referred to as "up" and "down".
The neutrinos can interact only by the weak force and as a result they scarcely (майже не) interact with matter at all.
For some time light has been considered to consist of a stream of particles emitted radially from light sources such as the sun or a candle (свічка).
Oscillations in a closed system consisting of a homogenous mixture, however, were thought to be impossible because they would violate a basic law of physics and chemistry.
These ions are presumed to be sited so that they form a geometrically perfect lattice which repeats itself with no faults throughout the crystal.
The sharpness of spectral lines emitted or absorbed by atoms is taken to be an immediate verification (підтвердження) of Bohr's postulate.
In high performance tubes voltage adjustments have been accepted to compensate for the effect of the relative inaccuracies in the geometry of the electrodes.
Because of the tendency to contract (стискатися) the interior of a liquid is subject to an enormous pressure, which for water has been estimated to be roughly 10,000 atm.
The electrical conductivity of beryllium was anticipated to be not so great as was formerly assumed.
Upon thorough examination the departure of the experimental curve from the predicted one seems to be negligible.
Along with a list of attractive characteristics of reactors there seem to be dangerous points.
The interpretation of small-angle scattering appears to be a straightforward procedure, if the structure can be assumed to be spherical.
If a wave from some point source P strikes a flat surface and is reflected from it, the reflected wave will appear to come from point D behind the surface.
There appears to be sufficient evidence in favour of the initial assessment (оцінка) of the results particularly as related to the study of the solar wind interaction with Venus.
Positrons used as a probe for exploring nature of matter prove to be unusually sensitive when applied to the regular arrays (масив) of atoms characteristic of most solids.
In spite of the shortcomings the present analysis has been proved to be consistent with a wide range of experimental results.
Though the results obtained turned out to be lacking precision yet they may be useful for satisfactory solution of aerodynamical problems.
However, the calculations of orbital energies (орбітальні енергетичні рівні) turned out to be too difficult to attain self-consistent results.
Euclid, partial differential equations and group theory are three branches of mathematics so remote from each other that they seem to belong to different mathematical universes (всесвіт, світ). And yet all three of them turn out to be intimately involved (внутрішньо пов’язані) in one physical universe.
We happened to be present at a meeting of scientists who had made substantial contribution to ever developing area of magnetism.
But, if a proton happens to be within a nucleus in such a state that its transformation into a neutron would sufficiently increase the binding energy, the originally endothermic proton neutron + positron transformation can be changed into exothermic one, and the positron activity may proceed.
The theory in question is likely to be adequate enough to confirm the data cited above.
This system is equally likely to fit for both operations but requires periodic check and adjustment of the receiver unit.
The biological effects of cosmic rays in space are unlikely to be pronounced (чітко виражений). Artificial satellites stay in their orbits long enough for this problem to be studied in detail.
This mechanism is unlikely to explain the mass splitting, and indeed the very existence of the muon is one of the greatest mysteries of particle physics.
Expansion of the range of available pressures is sure to result in new superconduction of elements and compounds.
When a positron encounters an electron, the particles are sure to be annihilated and their mass is converted into pure energy in the form of gamma rays.
This is certain to be the case when the choice for a boundary condition is regarded arbitrary (to be arbitrary).
Ex. 7. Translate. Mind the form of the Infinitive.
Example: 1). We know the research to be completed successfully. Ми знаємо, що дослідження буде завершено.
We know the research to have been completed successfully. Ми знаємо, що дослідження було завершено.
2). The research is known to be completed successfully. Відомо, що дослідження буде завершено.
The research is known to have been completed ... Відомо, що дослідження було завершено...
This scientist could show the penetration depth (глибина) to be essentially the same regardless of the strength of the magnetic field.
Scientists suppose magnets and their properties of attraction to have been known for nearly 5.000 years.
The discovery of new superconducting elements and compounds has proved to be harder than was anticipated.
The effect of weightlessness appears to have given cosmonauts little discomfort, if any.
In addition to the above mentioned properties X-rays were found to produce ionization in gases.
He proved this process to have hindered the reaction.
In designing the machine they were reported to have been guided mostly by the consideration of safety and reliability.
The gauge is sure to have recorded all the changes accurately.
We have been able to explain all the experimental facts and found them to be consistent with the assumptions.
We expect a computer to have operated for at least several hours without fault.
The concept of spin is known to have been introduced into the physics of elementary particles in 1925 by Goudsmit and Uhlenbeck.
The proton and the neutron have been found to have the same spin as the electron.
The absorption and reflection of the optical elements which seem to have been caused by higher losses are among the disadvantages.
In its younger days, however, the moon is likely to have had appreciable atmosphere but we have no justification to assume that this atmosphere was similar in composition to ours.
Ex. 8. Translate. Mind the functions of the Infinitive and the Infinitive Constructions.
To anticipate is to look forward, to see what must be done and to do it in advance.
To allow for all possible types of interactions and reflections, however, would be a formidable task in this event.
To eliminate the inconsistency of measuring the force on a unit area by a unit of length, the air pressure is now measured for meteorological purposes in terms of a unit of 1.000 dynes cm- called a millibar (mb).
According to the law of conservation of energy, any energy acquired by an atom is to be eventually given off.
Each atom is to be governed by the mean potential due to all the other atoms at rest in their mean positions.
Your prime task has been to record the directions to be executed exceedingly accurately.
The problem is to confine hot plasma long enough for a fusion reaction to take place.
A traditional approach to the problem is to eliminate bulky calculations. It may require a lot of auxiliary operations.
An amplifier to boost the signal would be required before the signal is fed to the input.
The discovery of uranium fission is one to exert greater influence on the events to come than any other discovery in the past century.
There are a number of advantages to be gained from using a liquid as the active medium in a laser rather than a solid or a gas.
Apart from this, eigenvalues to be obtained for excited electronic states in most cases agree reasonably with experimental binding energy.
These electrons are always freely available to conduction. A partially filled band (зона) is created whenever the orbitals that combine to form the band are not fully occupied.
In the modern conception, the strong nuclear force binds quarks together to form elementary particles such as protons and neutrons.
Unfortunately the period of visibility of a comet is generally too short to allow any extensive measurements.
The combination of three quarks is sufficient to account for the hadrons that have been observed or predicted by the rigorous theory.
When two identical atoms are brought together closely enough for their orbits to overlap, each energy level is split to create two new levels, below and above the original level.
Positrons typically live a few hundred picoseconds, roughly the time it takes for a light to travel one centimeter.
For the effect to be readily observable a great deal of energy must be concentrated in a narrow band of wavelengths, the narrower the better.
It is possible for excitation to take place in successive steps by the absorption of two or more quanta of energy.
For laser action to take place one must make the stimulated emission process occur more often than the competing process of absorption.
The linguists and mathematicians don't expect their machines - once they get them - to translate poetry or novels.
Until the early 1960's the superconducting elements were in minority (меншість) among all metallic elements. Consequently, scientists considered superconductivity (the abrupt disappearance of ail resistance to electric current in some metals at very low temperature) to be an anomalous property to be eventually put into practice.
This amounts to assuming the rate of our knowledge growth to depend on the amount of knowledge already acquired.
Materials are constantly being improved and their introduction will enable weight to be reduced.
This continuous "heat source" causes the ambient gas to expand outwards into interplanetary space, its particles overcoming gravitational trapping.
The invisible portion of the spectrum is known to exceed greatly in range the portion to which the human eye is sensitive.
Oscillations might be expected to be attributed to the diffusion of the constituents. Oscillations in a closed system consisting of a homogeneous mixture, however, were thought to be impossible because they violate a basic law of physics and chemistry.
For example, the element niobium has been found to be particularly favourable to superconductivity.
The concept of heat is also known to have undergone several changes during the development of physics.
The errors were first assumed to have been brought about by inaccurate measurements but an elaborate analysis revealed that theoretical dependence was not valid.
Neither had anyone hitherto (thus far) imagined that electricity might be separated from its atomic or molecular carrier ions. Thomson measured the masses of the carriers and found them to be but 1/1845 that of the lightest of all atoms, hydrogen. Furthermore, the masses of these particles were found to be entirely independent of the chemical character of the filament (нитка накалу) whence they originated.
The molecules in gas envelope surrounding the star appear to be in constant motion and their average speed increases as the temperature increases.
Light from some of the remote quasars that reaches us to-day appears to have been in transit for a major part of the history of the universe.
In particular the situation doesn't seem to change drastically (радикально) within the next decade though the scientists are seeking adequate explanations.
In addition to their obvious importance to the study of how matter is distributed in the universe, dwarf galaxies have proved to be valuable subjects for the study of the evolution of the galaxies and the gravitational interactions between them.
The clouds in the atmosphere of Venus prove to form continuous layers at an altitude roughly between 45 and 6.
In BAG (Bayard-Alpert-gauge) the electron path length turns out to be about 2 cm on the average.
Some of these striking exceptions are likely to be beyond the scope of the paper in question.
The first rule is unlikely to have been violated here, nor indeed would such a violation be justified.
It didn't seem unreasonable at that time to suppose that extragalactic space is heavily populated with similar systems too faint (тьмяний, неяскравий) to be detected. And indeed, the astronomers now believe dwarf galaxies to be the most common type of galactic system in the universe.
The discussion of random and systematic errors likely to be encountered in the experiment is intended to reveal the source of both.
The results of the measurement will in general vary owing to random errors equally likely to be positive and negative.
The fact that the process can last indefinitely is sure to contradict to the main laws of physics.
The equation in question is certain to hold for all the conditions irrespective of the voltage applied.