
- •Московский государственный институт стали и сплавов (технологический университет)
- •Translate the following texts in written form paying attention to passive
- •Render the following sentences in English using the Passive
- •I. Translate the following texts in written form paying attention to passive forms and participles.
- •II. Identify participle constructions and translate the following texts in
- •III. Render the following sentences in English using Participle I and Participle II.
- •I. Translate the following texts in written form paying attention to passive forms, participles and Infinitives.
- •II. Render the following sentences in English using the Infinitive:
- •III. Render the following sentences in English using the infinitive constructions:
- •Unit IV
- •I. Translate the following extracts, paying attention to Participles and gerunds.
- •III. Render the following sentences in English using the Gerund and Complexes with the Gerund
- •I. Translate the following text in written form paying attention to modal verbs
- •II. Translate the following text in written form paying attention to modal verbs and the Subjunctive Mood.
- •International words.
- •I. Identify the modal verbs and emphatic constructions in the following text and translate it in written form.
- •II. Translate the following texts in written form, paying attention to modal verbs and conditiional sentences.
- •III. Translate the following text in written form, paying attention to modal verbs and conditiional sentences. Identify international and pseudointernational words.
- •IV. Render the following sentences in English using the Subjunctive Mood
- •V. Render the following sentences in English using the modal verbs
- •VI. Render the following sentences in English using the Subjunctive Mood in the Conditional sentences
II. Render the following sentences in English using the Infinitive:
Для того чтобы провести эксперимент, применяемый метод должен быть прост.
Сделать выбор часто бывает самым трудным.
Чтобы не рисковать, проверьте аппаратуру перед экспериментом еще раз.
Предвидеть будущее невозможно без анализа прошлого.
Самое важное – это сосредоточить внимание на одном вопросе.
Цель этой книги – дать обзор последних достижений в этой области исследования.
Этот фактор слишком важен, чтобы не принять его во внимание.
Его ошибки в вычислениях были слишком очевидны, чтобы их не заметить.
Данные, которые надо проанализировать, будут даны в следующей главе.
Факторы, которые надо принять во внимание, - это скорость реакции и температура.
III. Render the following sentences in English using the infinitive constructions:
Большинство ученых предполагает, что в ближайшие годы молекулярная биология сделает новые успехи.
Необходимо, чтобы вы проверяли все измерения до начала эксперимента.
Мы не смогли заставить его изменить условия эксперимента.
Нам часто трудно угадать, каким будет будущее.
Это, по всей вероятности, окажет влияние на дальнейшие события.
Решение этой проблемы, как известно, зависит от многих факторов.
По-видимому, он не знает, как температура влияет на скорость реакции.
Говорят, что он внес определенный вклад в разработку этого метода.
Он с интересом наблюдал за ходом эксперимента.
Ожидают, что в ближайшем будущем в экономике этой небольшой африканской страны произойдут большие изменения.
Мы знаем, что Кавендиш доказал, что воздух и вода являются химическими соединениями, а не элементами.
Известно, что гамма-лучи обладают большой проникающей способностью. Это обусловлено тем, что они электрически нейтральны.
Unit IV
STEP 1.
Герундий и герундиальные обороты
Герундий не присутствует в русском языке. По форме он совпадает с причастием настоящего времени или с перфектным причастием, но в отличие от причастия, которое выполняет роль обстоятельства и определения, герундий в английском предложении может также выполнять функцию подлежащего и дополнения.
На русский язык герундий переводится:
- инфинитивом:
Getting a complete analysis of the results of the experiment is urgent.
Очень важно получить полный анализ результатов эксперимента.
- отглагольным существительным:
Получение полного анализа результатов эксперимента очень важно.
- деепричастием:
On seeing the new type of equipment the experts highly appreciated its qualities.
Увидев новый вид оборудования, эксперты высоко оценили его качества.
- придаточным предложением, тип которого зависит от функции герундия в данном предложении:
On having been used on industrial scale this method proved to be very economical.
Когда этот метод применили в промышленных масштабах, он доказал свою экономическую ценность.
Герундий с группой зависящих от него слов образует герундиальный оборот (притяжательное местоимение или существительное в общем или притяжательном падеже + герундий). В этом случае субъект действия герундия не совпадает с подлежащим предложения. Такой оборот переводится придаточным предложением:
He denied her having taken part in this discussion.
Он отрицал то, что она принимала участие в этой дискуссии.
There is no hope of Tom’s understanding the rules of this game.
Нет никакой надежды на то, что Том поймет правила этой игры.
Exercise 1. Find the gerunds; define their form and function in the sentence. Give all possible translations of the following sentences.
The first alloys were formed by mixing metals with other substances.
I appreciate your helping me to solve this problem.
He took to visiting his friends without warning them about his coming.
He found parking in this area difficult.
I can’t stop him talking to the press.
In discussing the problem they touched upon some interesting items.
The hotel business worries more about overbuilding than overcrowding.
The investigation aims at establishing historical results regarding settlement and economic and social life.
The necessity of increasing productivity brought to these new inventions.
The first problem in reviewing the languages is to decide what to count a language.
H.Hollerith developed a binary coding scheme for representing data on paper cards through patterns of punched holes.
Coding schemes were devised as standardized methods of enclosing data for using in computer storage and processing.
Applying powerful machinery and effective methods means an increase of industrial production.
It is a common practice with the older cars starting the engine after its being heated.
Their participation is finding new ways to utilize the slag.
His weak health prevented him from taking part in this expedition.
The short radio waves travel ahead of the plane without being stopped by clouds, fog or smog.
He is determined to get tickets to this concert even if it means standing in a queue all night.
They tried putting wire netting round the garden.
Changing the timing of uncertainty resolution has a greater qualitative effect when uncertainty relates to cost rather than demand.
By comparing these two examples, one can assess whether consumers benefit from such arrangement of goods in modern supermarkets.
Developing a model for the transfer of carbon from martensite to austenite during quenching should provide a means for calculating the retained austenite.
When taking notes during a lecture, always focus on the main ideas. Listening for the main points is like looking for the topic sentences in a reading passage.
Oxygen is an active element of the atmosphere, and in addition to being essential for the maintenance of life it is also essential for combustion. the rusting of metals and decay of organic matter.
Many properties of HCl lead us to believe that instead of being composed of ions like the salts, it probably contains only molecules when in free state.
Most actual crystals are imperfect, owing to being grown under conditions in which solid material is some what impeded in reaching and being deposited on certain faces.
STEP 2
Word-formation:prefixes denoting time, order, location, state.
ad- - возле, по направлению к
ante-, pre- - перед, до, прежде
con-, co-, col-, cor- - вместе (с)
contra- (contro-, counter-) - против
e-, ex- - из, от (направление); из, с (место); с, от, после (время)
extra- за пределами
in-, im- - в, на, внутрь
infra- - низко, внизу
inter- - между, среди
intra- - внутри
ob- - против, путем
out- - из, пере-
peri- - вокруг
post- - после
pre- - до, впереди
prime- - первый
pro- - вперед
retro- - назад
sub- - под
super- - слишком
trans- - через
under- - низкий, незаконченное действие
re- - повторение действия
sonic - звуковой sell - продавать curriculum – учебная программа
graduate - выпускник apt – способный write – писать |
supersonic – cверхзвуковой undersell - продавать по низкой цене extracurricular – внеклассный, за пределами учебной программы postgraduate – аспирант adapt - приспосабливаться rewrite - переписать |
Exercise 1. Translate the following words into Russian, paying attention to the prefixes.
Adherent, extramural, superman, antecedent, emigrate, immigrate, outwit, retrospective, trans-Siberian, reorganize, eminent, exhibit, inscribe, exclusive, inclusive, extravagant, intermission, controversy, intersect, outside, exception, periphery, transgress, protrude, intrude, proficient, efficient, excavate, project, elaborate, preside, controversy, obliterate, obstacle, collision, conclusion, extraterrestrial, exceed.
Exercise 2. Translate the following sentences into Russian, paying attention to the prefixes.
The House and the Senate will convene at noon to hear an address by the President.
As the results are irregular the program will have to be rewritten.
Running water is one of the principal causes of soil erosion.
A warning signal is posted wherever railroad tracks intersect a highway.
Today’s rain has completely obliterated yesterday’s snow; not a trace remains.
A few prominent guests were expected to take part in this conference.
We were not going to procrastinate the work on the project.
The success of the discussion on protein structure exceeded all expectations.
Many literary historians have begun to reinterpret and revise the study of women writers.
He will be on a business trip from January 21 to 25, inclusive, for a total of 5 days.
In coherent writing, every sentence is connected in thought with a previous sentence.
For his role as an intermediary in helping to end the Russo-Japaneese war, Theodore Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize.
Visual recognition involves storing and retrieving memories. Neural activity, triggered by the eye, forms an image in the brain’s memory system that constitutes an internal representation of the viewed object.
Over the centuries the Colorado River has carved its bed out of solid rock by the process of erosion.
International companies compete with each other for global executives to manage their operations around the world.
The contemporary version of Darwinism that has reigned for thirty years, took the model of adaptive gene substitution within local populations as an adequate account, by accumulation and extension, of life’s entire history.
Previous chapters have looked at many of the underlined assumptions that make cultures different and may cause problems in intercultural communication.
Since sugar is a non-electrolyte it remains stationary as the current passes and provides a means for detecting any changes in concentration around the electrodes due to water molecules being carried in or out while attracted to the moving ions.
The total number of participants at the International Congress of Crystallography was in excess of 250.
The opening of the session was preceeded by the General Assembly to elect a new president of the Congress.
STEP 3.