Diseases of the cardiocirculatory system

HEART PROBLEMS

CHF

MI

ATRIAL FIBRIL-LATION

HEPER-TENSION

RHEU-MATIC FEVER

Definition

Abnormal build-up of fluid in the lungs

Death of a part of the heart muscle

Irregular heart rhythm

Consistent elevation in BP

A complication of untreated strep throat

Risk factors and/or causes

Valvular heart

disease,

cardiomyo-pathy,

viral myocarditis,

severe anemia,

MI

Smoking, obesity, diabetes, HBP, family history of heart attacks, HBC, prior MI, low HDL lipoprotein level

HBP, rheumatic heart disease, coronary artery disease, hyperthyroidism, COPD, pericarditis acute alcohol intefamily history of heart attacks, HBC, prior MI, low HDL lipoprotein level

Kidney failure

Glomerulo-nephritis,

Renal artery stenosis,

Ren. tumors,

Adrenal gland disease, stress,

Hyper-thyroidism,

Anabolics,

Crack, amphe-tamine use, alcohol withdrawal, preeclampsia, .

Bacterial throat infections

Complications:

damage to the heart valves,

mitral regurgitation,

aortic stenosis

Symptoms and complications

Increased shortness of breath (upon exertion), waking in the middle of the night short of breath, a productive cough, leg or abdominal swelling

mid-chest discomfort and dull pains radiating to the lower jaw or arm, shortness of breath, sudden sweating, nausea, chest tightness, upper abdominal pains radiating to the back

Shortness of breath, palpitations, faintness or fainting, chest pains

With readings greater 140/90

DP < 85

D 85-89

DP 90-104 (mild)

DP 105-114

(moderate)

DP 115+

(severe)

Multiple joint pains, swelling of knees and ankles, fever and recent sore throat

Evaluation

CBC, cardiac enzymes, chemistry, x-ray, ECG, echo-cardiography

CBC, enzymes, chemistry, coagulation profile, x-ray, ECG, cardiac monitoring

(CHD: stress tests, nuclear scan, cathe-terization, BCL

Cardiac enzymes, ECG, cardiac monitoring, echocardiography, thyroid profile

Kidney profile, ECG, x-rays, urinalysis, thyroid profile

Throat culture, special serologic blood tests, echocardiogram,

Treatment

24-hour monitoring, oxygen, diuretics, nitrates

Nitrates IV, thrombolytic agents, angioplasty

IV medications, cardioversion

Sodium restriction, diet, medications

High dose antibiotics (IV), early treatment of throat inf.

POLIO

MENIN-GITIS

ENCEPHA-LITIS

STROKE

TRANSIENT ISCHEMEC ATTACKS

Definition

Damage to nerve tissue due to viral infection, results in paralysis

A serious viral or bacterial infection of the meninges

Inflammation of the brain,

due to viral or bacterial infections, results in paralysis

DEATH of the brain tissue (cerebral infarction)

Lack of blood flow,

Insufficient ox. in the brain

A disturbance in brain function resulting from a temporary deficiency in the brain’s blood supply

Risk factors

Water contaminated by infected feces

Bacteria (more serious, meningiococcal infection or viruses,

Upperrespiratory infections,

sinusitis

Insects (hunters, fishermen, hikers),

Epidemics, measles, chicken pox, rubella

Ischemic stroke (athero-sclerosis or blood clots)

Hemorragic stroke( blood vessel bursts), HBP, HCL smok.,diab.

Atheromas, blood clots, HBP, atherosclerosis

Symptoms and complications

Mild signs: fever,

a general feeling of illness, slight fever, vomiting headaches, a sore throat(3-7days), 7-14days fever, headaches, stiff neck and back, muscle pains, difficulty swallowing, weakness in arms or legs, seizures

Inability to breathe,

Fever, chills, headaches, pains and stiffness in the neck, irritability, poor appetite, children cry

Mild signs: fever,

a general feeling of illness,

Muscle aches, stiffness vomiting weakness in arms or legs, confusion, seizures

Coma

Sudden onset and rapid of symptoms (completed stroke), stroke in evolution (several hours, a day or two), may result in edema in the brain,

Loss of sensations in an arm or leg or in one side of the body, double vision, dizziness and other symptoms of TIA

Loss of sensations (weakness or paralysis) in an arm or leg or in one side, double vision, dizziness,

Slurred speech,

Difficulty in thinking of an appropriate word, inability to recognize parts of the body, unusual movements, loss of bladder control, imbalance and falling, fainting

Evaluation

Symptoms, stool tests

CBC blood chemistry,

Blood culture, spinal tap(lumbar puncture)

A spinal tap,

CBC, BLOOD CHEMISTRY,BLOOD CULTURES, urinalysis

CT, MRI, ECG

CT, MRI, ultrasound scan, cerebral angiography

Treatment

OPV, IPV

High dose IV antibiotics

IV antibiotics

Oxygen, anticoagulants,

IV line to give fluids and nourishments

Aspirin, anticoagulants