Lifestyle

In sociology, a lifestyle (to be) _____ the way a person (or a group) (to live) ______. This (to include) _________ patterns of social relations, consumption, entertainment, and dress. A lifestyle typically also (to reflect) ____________ an individual's attitudes, values or worldview.

The term sedentary in biology and anthropology (to apply) ____________ to organisms and species that (not to be) _______ migratory but rather (to remain) at a single location (permanently fixed or otherwise).

Sedentary lifestyle (to be) _____a type of lifestyle most commonly found in modern (particularly Western) cultures. It (to characterize) _____________________ by sitting or remaining inactive for most of the day (for example, in an office or at home). It (to believe) ___________ to be a factor in obesity, and, in doing so, may (to contribute) ___________________ to other diseases, such as type II diabetes, heart disease, and even hemorrhoids.

Lifestyle diseases (also called diseases of longevity or diseases of civilization) (to be) _____ diseases that (to appear) ______________ to increase in frequency as countries (to become) ______________ more industrialized and people (to live) _________ longer. They (to include) ___________ Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, cancer, chronic liver disease or cirrhosis, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Type 2 diabetes, heart disease, nephritis or chronic renal failure, osteoporosis, stroke, depression and obesity.

Causes

Factors in diet, lifestyle, and the house (to think) _______________ to influence susceptibility to the diseases listed below. Smoking, alcohol and drug abuse (to be not) ______good for you as well as the lack of exercise.

ALCOHOL from http://www.bbcnews.com

Heavy drinking (to blame) _______________ for up to 33,000 deaths a year in the UK. The NHS (tyo spend) _______________ more than £164m treating alcohol-related conditions.

Heavy drinking health risks at a glance (to be) _________

Liver damage

Osteoporosis

Pancreatitis

Shrivelled [i] sex organs

Heart disease

Stroke

Dementia/ brain damage

Damage to unborn child

Increased risks of some types of cancer

Too much alcohol can (to irritate) ______________ the stomach, leading to sickness and nausea, and can (to lead) ______________ to temporary impotence in men.

Alcohol (to have) ___________ a dehydrating effect, and the traditional hangover (to arrive) ____________ partly as a result.

Long term drinkers can (to suffer) __________ liver damage, as the liver (to be) ______ the organ that (to process) ______________ the alcohol and (to remove) ___________ it from the body.

There (to be) _____ three types of damage - fatty liver, in which fat (to deposit) in the liver, impairing its function, alcohol hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver which can (to cause) ___________ severe symptoms and (to lead) ___________ in some cases to alcoholic cirrhosis, which can eventually (to cause) _______________ liver failure if the drinker (not to stop) _________________.

The first two stages (to be) __________ usually reversible, whereas cirrhosis (to have) _______ no cure.

Heavy drinkers can (to suffer) __________ from chronic gastritis - essentially a daily recurrence of hangover style nausea and sickness. They can also (to suffer) ____________ damage to the oesophagus.

Pancreatitis (to be) _____ a common problem in heavy drinkers - this (to be) _____ an extremely painful condition which (to be) _____ hard to treat, and sometimes fatal.

Brain damage (to be) _____ also possible in some cases - alcoholic dementia (to find) ______ often ___________ in very long-term drinkers.

Heart disease and stroke

However, it (to be) ______ damage to the heart and circulatory system that (to place) __________ many drinkers at risk. Drinking over the recommended limits (to be) _____ one of the most common causes of high blood pressure, which can (to contribute) _______ to heart disease.

Drinking heavily (to be) _____ also likely to greatly increase the calorific intake, perhaps leading to obesity, which also (to increase) ________________ these health risks.

Regularly drinking more than three units of alcohol a day (to increase) ____________ the risk of a type of stroke called haemorrhagic stroke.

It can also (to contribute) __________________ to osteoporosis, (to lead) _________ to muscle weakness, (to make) _____________ skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema worse.

In men, there (to be) likely ______ a loss of libido and potency, shrinking of the testicles and penis, reduced fertiliy, loss of pubic hair and if cirrhosis (to be) _____ present, increased breast size and loss of body hair.

In women, ovulation may (to cease)____________, and breasts and sexual organs (to shrivel) _________.

Many cancers (to be) _______ alcohol-related, particularly those of the mouth, oesophagus, liver, stomach, colon, rectum, and perhaps breast cancer in women.

Harming unborn children

Heavy drinking, even in one-off binges, by pregnant women can (to harm) _________ their unborn child.

It can (to lead) __________ to miscarriage, low birth weight, and, in the worst cases, to foetal alcohol syndrome, a group of defects which can (to include) ___________ lowered IQ, facial malformations and growth deficiencies.

Many studies (to find) ________________ suggestions that (to moderate) __________ alcohol drinking, for example one or two units a day, can (to have) ________ a protective effect against in particular heart disease.

This has yet to be conclusively proven, as it (to be) _______ not clear whether it (to be) ______ the alcohol, or some other ingredient in the drink, which is having the effect.

Alcohol linked to thousands of deaths

Drink (to blame) _________________ for many suicides, murders and falls

Almost half of all unnatural deaths (to relate) ___________________ to alcohol, a study (to find) _______________.

Research carried out by doctors in Sweden (to suggest) _____________ that 44% deaths caused by accidents or other events (to link) to drinking.

These (to include) ___________ deaths from suicide, falls, traffic injuries, asphyxia, intoxication and murder. They (to link) ____________ to drinking.

The doctors (to examine) ____________ deaths in Sweden over a five-year period. They (to divide) __________ deaths into natural - those that (to cause) ______________ by disease or illness - and unnatural - those that (to be) ________ event-related.

They (to find) that 29% all unnatural deaths (to associate) ___________________ with alcohol.

However, they (to estimate) ____________ that the figure may (to be) ______ as high as 44% and may (to be) _________ even higher in countries with 'softer' alcohol laws than Sweden.

TOBACCO from http://www.bbcnews.com

World doctors (to get) _______ tough on tobacco

Tobacco-related problems (to describe) ___________________ as an epidemic

Organisations representing 10 million doctors around the world (to urge) _________________ their governments to agree a strong new treaty to curb tobacco use. The doctors, which (to be) ______ from 117 countries, (to call) ________________ for governments around the world to increase taxes on tobacco, ban all cigarette advertising and to outlaw misleading claims that some cigarettes (to be) _____ relatively safe.

According to the World Medical Association, the measures (to require) _____________ to cut the 4.9 million deaths a year from smoking-related diseases.

The doctors' demands (to present) ______________________ in Geneva to the World Health Organisation (WHO) which (to negotiate) ______currently ______________ the first international public health treaty on tobacco control.

The convention (to be) _____ due to be agreed by the WHO's 192 member countries by May next year.

'Life-shattering effects'

The increasing health problems related to smoking, particularly in developing countries, where the tobacco trade (to unregulate) _____ largely ________________, (to desribe) ________________ by doctors as an epidemic.

"Physicians (to see) ____________ on a daily basis the life-shattering effects of tobacco use for those who (to smoke) _______________ and those who (to inhale) _______________ the tobacco of others," (to say) ___________ WMA Secretary-General Dr Delon Human.

Doctors should (to stand) _______________ together "to prevent this epidemic", he (to add) _________.

The doctors' manifesto (to call) ______________ for:

• A "clear, informative health warning" on every packet of tobacco

• An end to "misleading claims" that some cigarettes (to be) ______ safer than others

• Protection from smoke for non-smokers

• A ban on cigarette advertising.

Before you stop...

Don't be afraid to ask for help.

Ask family and friends not to smoke around you.

Wash your clothes to get rid of the smell of smoke.

Decide you'll only smoke during odd or even hours of the day.

Write down the reasons you want to become a non-smoker.

Each day, postpone the lighting of your first cigarette by one hour.

Ask your partner or friend to stop with you - make a contract with each other.

Keep busy on the day you (to plan) _________ to stop. Go to the cinema, take some exercise!

Make a date and stick to it. Write up a plan of action and consider methods available to you.

Smoke only under circumstances that (not to be) ___________ especially pleasurable for you. If you (to like) ____________ to smoke with others, smoke alone.

Change to a brand that is low in tar and nicotine a couple of weeks before your target date.

Decide how many cigarettes you (to smoke) ____________ during the day. For each additional cigarette, give a pound to your favourite charity.

Smoke only those cigarettes you 'really (to want)' _______________. Catch yourself before you (to light up) _____________ a cigarette out of pure habit.

Don't empty your ashtrays. This (to remind) ______________ you of how many you DO smoke - the sight and smell of stale cigarettes butts (to be) _______ very unpleasant.

Don't think of never smoking again. Think of 'stopping' in terms of one day at a time.

Positive steps

Get more active: Walk instead of driving or taking the bus. Use the stairs instead of the lift. Exercise (to help) _________ you relax and (to boost) ______________ morale [me’ra:l].

Change your routine and try to avoid danger areas – it (to be) _____ tough, but pubs and alcohol (to be) ______ real triggers.

Find activities that (to make) _____________ smoking difficult (gardening, exercise, washing the car, taking a shower).

Spend as much free time as possible in places where smoking (not to allow) _________________ (libraries, museums, theatres, department stores, and churches!)

Change your surroundings when an urge (to hit) _______; get up and move about, or do something else.

Avoid places where smoking (to permit) _________________.

Put something other than a cigarette into your mouth. Keep 'mouth candy' handy - try carrots, apples, celery, raisins, or sugarless gum.

Tell all your friends and family that you (to quit) _______ already _________ - you (to embarrassed) _________________ if they (to catch) _____________ you smoking.

Stop carrying cigarettes with you at home, in your bag or at work. Don't 'borrow' any, and make them difficult to get to.

Throw away all your cigarettes and matches. Hide your lighters and ashtrays.

Visit the dentist and have your teeth cleaned to get rid of tobacco stains. Use a teeth-whitening toothpaste and mouthwash - resolve to keep them that way.

Enjoy having a clean mouth taste and maintain it by brushing your teeth frequently and using a mouthwash.

Avoid heavy drinking of alcohol, caffeine, or other stimulants or mood-altering substances.

Pay a family member or friend (if they (to catch) ________ you smoking) £5.

If your partner (to smoke) _____________, try and encourage him or her to quit or at the very least not to smoke around you.

Think positively - withdrawal can (to be) _______________ unpleasant, but it's a sign your body (to recover) ___________________ from the effects of tobacco.