Treatment

If atherosclerosis (to lead) ________________ to symptoms, some symptoms such as angina pectoris can be treated. Non-pharmaceutical means (to be) ______ usually the first method of treatment, such as cessation of smoking and regular exercise. If these methods (not to work) __________, medicines (to be) _______usually the next step in treating cardiovascular diseases, and with improvements, medicine (to become) ______ increasingly _______________ the most effective method over the long term. However, medicines (to criticize) ____________ for their expense and occasional undesired effects.

Anatomy and physiology of the gi tract and gi diseases

The gastrointestinal tract or digestive tract, (to call) ______________also the GI tract or the alimentary canal [ke’nael] or the gut. The gastrointestinal tract (to be) _______ the system of organs. It (to take) _________ in food. It (to digest [i]) ______________ it to extract energy and nutrients, and (to expel) _________ the remaining waste.

In a normal human adult male, the GI tract (to be) _____ approximately 7 and a half metres long (25 feet). It (to consist) _______________ of the following components: the upper gastrointestinal tract and the lower gastrointestinal tract.

The upper gastrointestinal tract (to include)

• The mouth (the cavity; the salivary glands, mucosa, the teeth and the tongue)

• The pharynx

• The esophagus

• The stomach

The mouth, or the oral cavity, (to be) _____ the opening through which a human (to take) __________ in food and water. It (to locate) __________________ in the head.

The human mouth (to cover) ________________ by an upper and lower lip. They (to play) ___________ an important role in speech, facial expression, kissing, drinking (especially with a straw), and smoking. According to etiquette [‘etiket] the mouth (to keep) _____________ closed, especially when chewing.

The stomach (to be) _____ a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract.It (to involve) ____________________ in the second phase of digestion. The stomach (to be) ____ usually a highly acidic environment. Such an environment (to break) _________ down large molecules (such as from food) to smaller ones so that they can eventually (to absorb) __________________ from the small intestine. The stomach can (to produce) __________ and (to secrete) _____________ about 2 to 3 liters of gastric acid per day. Other functions (to include) ____________ absorbing water, some ions, and some lipid soluble compounds such as alcohol, aspirin, and caffeine.

The lower gastrointestinal tract (to consist) ____________ of the small intestine and the large intestine.

• The bowel or the intestine:

  • The small intestine, which has three parts:

    • duodenum

    • jejunum

    • ileum

  • large intestine, which has three parts:

    • caecum (the vermiform appendix (to attach) _____________ to the caecum).

    • colon (ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid flexure)

    • rectum

• anus

The liver (to secrete) ________ bile into the small intestine via the biliary system, employing the gallbladder as a reservoir. The pancreas (to secrete) ____________ fluid containing bicarbonate [bai’ka:bonit] and several enzymes. Both these secretory organs (to aid) _____________ in digestion.