Inflammation (to know) _________________ to be an important step in the process of atherosclerotic plaque formation.

The general appearance of patients may (to vary) ___________ according to the experienced symptoms; the patient may (to be) _______ comfortable, or restless and in severe distress with an increased respiratory rate. A cool and pale skin (to be) ______common and (to point) ___________ to vasoconstriction. Some patients (to have) ___________ low-grade fever (38–39 °C). Blood pressure may (to be) _______ elevated or decreased, and the pulse can (to be) _______ irregular.

The primary purpose of the electrocardiogram (to be) _____ to detect ischemia.

In difficult cases or in situations where intervention to restore blood flow (to be) _____ appropriate, coronary angiography can (to perform) _______________.

When symptoms of myocardial infarction (to occur) ______________, people (to wait) ____________ on average of 3 hours, instead of doing what (to recommend) ___________________________: calling for help immediately. Acting immediately by calling the emergency services can (to prevent) _____________ damage to the heart ("time is muscle").

Certain positions (to allow) _________________ the patient to rest in a position which (to minimize) ______________ breathing difficulties. A half-sitting position with knees bent (to recommend) _____ often ________________________. Access to more oxygen can (to give) _______________ by opening the window and widening the collar for easier breathing.

Aspirin can (to give) ________________ quickly (if the patient (to be) ________ not allergic to aspirin

Since the publication of data showing that the availability of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) in public places may significantly (to increase) ___________________ chances of survival, many of these (to install) ___________________________________________ in public buildings, public transport facilities, and in non-ambulance emergency vehicles (e.g. police cars and fire engines).

In wilderness first aid, a possible heart attack (to justify) ____________ evacuation by the fastest available means, including medevac, even in the earliest or precursor stages.

A heart attack (to be) ________ a medical emergency which (to demand) ___________ both immediate attention and activation of the emergency medical services. The goal of the management in the acute phase of the disease (to be) ______ to prevent further complications. As time passes, the risk of damage to the heart muscle (to increase) _______________.

In the hospital, oxygen, aspirin, glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerin) and analgesia are (to administer) __________________ as soon as possible.

Thrombolytic therapy (to indicate) _______________________ for the treatment of MI if the drug can 9to administer) ___________________________ within 12 hours of the onset of symptoms.

Heart disease (to be) _____ an umbrella term for a number of different diseases which (to affect) __________ the heart. The most common heart diseases (to be) ______:

Coronary heart disease, a disease of the heart itself caused by the accumulation of plaques within the walls of the arteries that (to supply) __________________ the myocardium

Ischaemic heart disease, another disease of the heart itself, characterized by reduced blood supply to the organ.

Cardiovascular disease, a sub-umbrella term for a number of diseases that (to affect) __________ the heart itself and/or the blood vessel system, especially the veins and arteries leading to and from the heart.

Pulmonary heart disease, a failure of the right side of the heart.

Hereditary heart disease, heart disease caused by unavoidable genetic factors

Hypertensive heart disease, heart disease caused by high blood pressure, especially localised high blood pressure

Inflammatory heart disease, heart disease that (to involve) _________________ inflammation of the heart muscle and/or the tissue surrounding it.

Valvular heart disease, heart disease that (to affect) _____________ the valves of the heart.

Heart disease and strokes (to be) ________ common cardiovascular diseases. They (to be) _______ the third and first top cause of death for both genders. Cancer (to be) ______ in-between the two. Forty percent of all deaths, in America, (to relate) ______________ to a cardiovascular disease mainly heart attack or stroke. About 910,00 people (to die) ________ of cardiovascular diseases each year in America. That (to be) ______ about one death every 35 seconds. It used to be that it was mainly around 65 years or older. Nevertheless, heart disease and strokes around people 15-34 (to increase)_________________. 70 million people actually (to live) __________ with a cardiovascular disease. More than six million hospitalizations (to occur) ________________ in America each year because of a cardiovascular disease. The cost of all the heart diseases and stroke (to estimate) ___________________ to be about $403 billion including health care expenses and lost work from death or disability.

Two independent risk factors that (to have) ___________ a major impact for heart diseases, cardiovascular diseases, (to be) ______ high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol. Some symptoms for heart attacks (to be) _____ discomfort, pressure, heaviness, or pain in the chest, arm or below the breastbone, discomfort radiating to the back, jaw, throat or arm, fullness, indigestion sweating, nausea, vomiting, or dizziness, extreme weakness, anxiety, or shortness of breath, rapid or irregular heartbeats. These symptoms are similar to the ones for heart failure.