- •Видо-временные формы в текстовых тестах
- •Requirements to the exam in english
- •Read and translate the following text for patients
- •Translate the following text from the book “Complete Guide of Prescription and Non-Prescription Drugs”
- •Translate the following questions to the patient
- •4. Topics for discussion
- •About myself
- •Kirov State Medical Academy
- •Conversational formulas
- •At the press conference
- •Kirov Regional Teaching Hospital
- •Some facts and figures of the who
- •Doctor – patient questionnaire
- •Outstanding doctors from vyatka land
- •Muscles and muscle diseases
- •Inflammatory muscle disorders
- •Bones and bone and joint diseases bones of the human skeleton
- •Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis
- •Osteoporosis
- •Bacteria and visruses. Bacterial and viral diseases.
- •Certain types of bacteria (to be) _______ also capable of sexual reproduction through bacterial conjugation.
- •Anatomy and physiology of the heart. Heart diseases
- •Inflammation (to know) _________________ to be an important step in the process of atherosclerotic plaque formation.
- •In difficult cases or in situations where intervention to restore blood flow (to be) _____ appropriate, coronary angiography can (to perform) _______________.
- •In wilderness first aid, a possible heart attack (to justify) ____________ evacuation by the fastest available means, including medevac, even in the earliest or precursor stages.
- •Blood diseases
- •The main Forms (to include) ____________________
- •In humans, the incidence of vWd (to be) ______ roughly about 1 in 100 individuals.
- •Blood vessels and diseases of blood vessels
- •Treatment
- •Anatomy and physiology of the gi tract and gi diseases
- •The lower gastrointestinal tract (to consist) ____________ of the small intestine and the large intestine.
- •Gastritis (to be) ____ inflammation of the gastric mucosa.
- •Parasites can (to cause) ______________ dehydrating diarrhoea in infants.
- •Alcoholic Hepatitis
- •Pancreas and diseases of the pancreas
- •Anatomy
- •The pancreatic duct (to empty) ___________ into the second part of the duodenum. The common bile duct commonly (to join) ___________ the pancreatic duct at or near this point.
- •Less common causes (to include)
- •Investigations may (to include):
- •Treatment
- •Complications may (to include)
- •Epidemiology
- •About 95 percent of pancreatic tumors (to be) ______ adenocarcinomas. The remaining 5 percent (to include) ______________ other tumors of the exocrine pancreas.
- •Pancreatic cancer occasionally may (to result) _______________ in diabetes.
- •Diseases of the nervous system
- •Respiratory diseases
- •Fast fact
- •The endocrine system and endocrine diseases
- •The urinary system and urinary tract diseases
- •The ophthalmology department of kirov state medical academy
- •Eyes and eye diseases
- •Anatomy of the mammalian eye
- •Blindness
- •Glaucoma
- •Cataract
- •Skin and skin diseases
- •Bath solutions and moisturizers (to help) ________ sooth affected skin and reduce the dryness.
- •The most common types of common eczemas (to include) ____________________
- •Occasionally, the diagnosis may also (to involve) _______ a skin
- •The immune system
- •Lifestyle
- •In times of temptation...
- •It's a mind game...
- •Obesity
- •Certain populations and individuals may (to be) ______ more prone to obesity than others
- •Physical examination
- •General appearance
- •Organ systems
- •Carbohydrates, Protein, Cholesterol, Fat, Fiber
- •Make up questions and question your fellow students
- •Supplements supplement 1 rules of reading
- •Supplement 2 patterns of medication summaries
- •Supplement 3 symptoms symptoms of heart diseases
- •Symptoms of digestive disorders
- •Symptoms of bone, joint and muscle disorders
- •Clinical manifestations of liver disease
- •Symptoms of infectious diseases
- •Symptoms of brain and nerve disorders
- •The most common patterns of medical interviewing
- •Supplement 4 synonyms
- •Supplement 5
- •Doctor - patient questionnaire
- •(From the Medical Center of Flemington, the State of New Jersey, the usa)
- •Supplement 6
- •Supplement 7 diseases of the bones, joints and muscles
- •Diseases of the liver and gallbladder
- •Diseases of the cardiocirculatory system
- •Diseases of the nervous system
- •Diseases of the vascular system and blood diseases
- •Diseases of the respiratory system
- •Supplement 8 a brief review of kirov state medical academy: facts and figures
- •Ksma’s official address: 112, Karl Marx Street, Kirov, 610000, Russia
- •Supplement 9 tense and voice forms active voice
- •Supplement 10 the most communicative proverbs and sayings
- •Supplement 11 primary lexical minimum for students and postgraduates
- •Supplement 12 tests
- •Test in synonyms
- •Clinical test
- •Test in clinical topics
- •Supplement 13 Patterns for retelling texts on diseases
- •Supplement 14 medication summaries penicillins
- •If you forget a dose:
- •Infrequent:
- •Infants & children:
- •Interacts with combined effect
Anatomy and physiology of the heart. Heart diseases
The heart (to be) _____ a pear shaped, muscular organ. It (to be) _____responsible for pumping blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. The heart (to compose) ______________ of cardiac muscle. It (to be) _____an involuntary muscle tissue..
In the human body, the heart (to situate) ______normally ________________ to the left of the middle of the thorax. The left lung (to be) _____smaller than the right lung because the heart (to occupy) ____________ more of the left hemithorax. The heart (to enclose) ____________by a sac known as the pericardium and (to surround) ___________________by the lungs.
In normal adults, the mass of the heart (to be) ______ 250-350 g (9-12 oz), or about three fourths the size of a clenched fist, but extremely diseased hearts can (to be) ______ up to 1000 g in mass due to hypertrophy. It (to consist) ____________of four chambers, the two upper atria and the two lower ventricles.
The function of the right side of the heart (to be) ________ to collect deoxygenated blood, in the right atrium, from the body and pump it, via the right ventricle, into the lungs (pulmonary circulation) so that carbon dioxide can (to drop) _________ off and oxygen (to pick) __________ up (gas exchange). The left side (to collect) ___________ oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium. From the left atrium the blood (to move) ______________ to the left ventricle which (to pump) _________ it out to the body. On both sides, the lower ventricles (to be) _______ thicker and stronger than the upper atria. The muscle wall surrounding the left ventricle (to be) ______ thicker than the wall surrounding the right ventricle due to the higher force needed to pump the blood through the systemic circulation.
The heart (to beat) ___________ up to 120 times per minute in childhood. When resting, the adult human heart (to beat) ______________at about 70 bpm (males) and 75 bpm (females), but this rate (to vary) __________ among people. However, the reference range (to be) ______ normally between 60 bpm (if less it (to term) ____________ bradycardia) and 100 bpm (if greater, it (to term) __________ tachycardia). The infant/neonatal rate of heartbeat (to be) _______ around 130-150 bpm, the toddler's about 100–130 bpm, the older child's about 90–110 bpm, and the adolescent's about 80–100 bpm.
The pulse (to be) ______ the most straightforward (simple) way of measuring the heart rate.
Auscultation is also a method of heart rate measurement.
The study of diseases of the heart (to know) _____________ as cardiology. Important diseases of the heart include:
Coronary heart disease (to be) __________the lack of oxygen supply to the heart muscle. It can (to cause) ____________ severe pain and discomfort known as Angina.
A heart attack (to occur) _______ when heart muscle cells (to die) _______ because blood circulation to a part of the heart (to interrupt) ____________________.
Congestive heart failure (to be) __________ the gradual loss of pumping power of the heart.
Endocarditis and myocarditis (to be) _______ inflammations of the heart.
Cardiac arrhythmia (to be) _________ an irregularity in the heartbeat. It (to treat) ________________sometimes by implanting an artificial pacemaker
Congenital heart defects.
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI or MI), (to know) _____commonly ___________ as a heart attack. MI (to be) ______a disease state that (to occur) ____________ when the blood supply to a part of the heart (to interrupt) ________________. MI (to be) _____ a medical emergency, and the leading cause of death for both men and women all over the world. Important risk factors (to be) _____ a previous history of vascular disease such as atherosclerotic coronary heart disease and/or angina, a previous heart attack or stroke, any previous episodes of abnormal heart rhythms, older age- especially men over 40 and women over 50, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, the abuse of certain drugs, high triglyceride levels, high LDL ("bad cholesterol") and low HDL ("good cholesterol"), diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, and chronically high levels of stress in certain persons.
Classical symptoms of acute myocardial infarction (to include) ___________ chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, sweating, and anxiety. Patients frequently (to feel) _____________ suddenly ill. Women often experience different symptoms than men. The most common symptoms of MI in women (to include) ____________ shortness of breath, weakness, and fatigue. Approximately one third of all myocardial infarctions (to be) _________ silent, without chest pain or other symptoms.
Immediate treatment for suspected acute myocardial infarction (to include) ______ oxygen, aspirin, glyceryl trinitrate and pain relief. The patient (to receive) ________________ a number of diagnostic tests, such as an electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG), a chest X-ray and blood tests. Further treatment may (to include) _____________ either medications to break down blood clots that (to block) ____________ the blood flow to the heart, or mechanically restoring the flow by dilatation or bypass surgery of the blocked coronary artery. Coronary care unit admission (to allow) ________________ rapid and safe treatment of complications such as abnormal heart rhythms.
Myocardial infarction 9to be) ______ a common presentation of ischemic heart disease. The WHO estimated that in 2002, 12.6% of deaths worldwide (to be) _______ from ischemic heart disease. Ischemic heart disease (to be) _____ the leading cause of death in developed countries, but third to AIDS and lower respiratory infections in developing countries.
In the United States, diseases of the heart (to be) _______ the leading cause of death, causing a higher mortality than cancer (malignant neoplasms). Coronary heart disease (to be) _____ responsible for 1 in 5 deaths in the U.S.. Some 7,200,000 men and 6,000,000 women (to live) _______________________ with some form of coronary heart disease. 1,200,000 people (to suffer) __________ a (new or recurrent) coronary attack every year, and about 40% of them (to die) __________ as a result of the attack. This means that roughly every 65 seconds, an American (to die) _________ of a coronary event.
Risk factors for atherosclerosis are generally risk factors for myocardial infarction:
older age
male gender
cigarette smoking
hypercholesterolemia (especially high low density lipoprotein and low high density lipoprotein)
diabetes (with or without insulin resistance)
high blood pressure
obesity
Many of these risk factors (to be) _______ modifiable, so many heart attacks can (to prevent) __________________by maintaining a healthier lifestyle. Physical activity, for example, (to associate) ________________________ with a lower risk profile. Non-modifiable risk factors (to include) ________________ age, gender, and family history of an early heart attack (before the age of 60), which (to think) _________________________ of as reflecting a genetic predisposition.
Socioeconomic factors such as a shorter education and lower income (particularly in women), and living with a partner may also (to contribute) _________________ to the risk of MI. Women who (to use) _____________ combined oral contraceptive pills (to have) ______________ a modestly increased risk of myocardial infarction, especially in the presence of other risk factors, such as smoking.