Grammar in use

Emphatic construction

Емфатична (підсилювальна) конструкція It is (was, will be) …that/which (who, whom)… вживається для виділення певних членів речення. На українську мову ця конструкція перекладається словом «саме» Example: It is in the alveoli that the respiratory metabolism takes place. – Саме в альвеолах відбувається газообмін. It is hemoglobin that carries oxygen to different tissues of the body. – Саме гемоглобін переносить кисень до всіх тканин тіла. It is per minute that the human being breathes in 300-330 ml of oxygen and breathes out 220-250 ml of carbon dioxide. – Саме за одну хвилину людина вдихає 300-330 мл кисню та видихає 220-250 мл вуглекислого газу. Але, при виділенні обставин часу зазвичай вживається it was not until …that… і перекладається – тільки, тільки після; Example: It was not until 1628 that blood circulation was described by William Harvey. – Тільки після 1628 року Вільям Гарві описав кровообіг.

Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian, paying attention to the emphatic construction:

1. It is complications that make flu a dangerous disease.

2. It was the woman’s blood pressure that caused the doctor’s alarm.

3. It was an ambulance that brought the patient to the ward.

4. It is heavy smokers who suffer from attacks of chronic bronchitis and asthma.

5. It is the physiologists who found out that blood had vitamins.

6. It is the head surgeon who insisted on removing the tumor as soon as possible.

7. It was our surgeon on duty who learnt about the accident first.

8. It was after the detection of gastric ulcer that the patient was prescribed a strict diet.

Exercise 2. Transform the sentences so that they have emphatic constructions.

Model: M. Sechenov investigated blood gases in 1858. –

It was M. Sechenov who investigated blood gases in 1858.

1. The respiratory metabolism takes place in the alveoli.

2. Mustard plasters are prescribed for cough.

3. The patient’s urine analysis indicates some kidney trouble.

4. Our district doctor diagnosed pneumonia and sent my mother to the hospital.

5. I had coronary complications after the grippe.

6. While the patient was examined he complained of the pains in the epigastrium.

7. Thanks to the efforts of N. I. Pirogov surgery was placed on a scientific basis.

8. These powders relieve pains in the stomach in case of gastric ulcer.

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences into English, using emphatic constructions:

1. Саме Сєченов досліджував гази крові у 1858 році.

2. Тільки у 1628 році кровообіг було описано Віл’ямом Харві.

3. Саме гірчичники були прописані лікарем.

4. Тільки у 1538 році А. Везалій надрукував свої перші наукові труди.

5. Саме за відкриття пеніциліну О.Флемінг отримав Нобелівську премію.

6. Саме щеплення викорінило таку страшну хворобу як віспа.

7. Саме Пірогов був першим, хто використав ефір під час операції.

8. Саме антибіотики рятують людей від важких ускладнень.

Exercise 4. Make up interrogative sentences to the underlined words:

1. The first recorded efforts to transfuse blood directly into living veins came in England in 1665, where Richard Lower transfused blood between dogs.

2. In 1667, Jean-Baptiste Denis, of France's Académie des Sciences, successfully transfused lamb's blood into a human.

3. Transfusion was reintroduced by the London physiologist and obstetrician, James Blundell, in 1818.

4. In nineteenth-century Britain, transfusion was primarily the domain of obstetricians, though, from the 1870s, surgeons began to use it as well.

5. By 1902 thanks to the efforts of Karl Landsteiner and his colleagues Decastello and Sturli four blood groups have been discovered.

Exercise 5. Read an abstract and open the brackets in the correct tense and voice. Translate them into your native language:

Transfusion of blood (to be) a process of blood transfer from donor to the receptor. The blood can (to give) to the receptor only when they have same blood group. But as we say there (to be) always some exceptions, O Rh- blood group holders can give blood to any of the blood group people, hence they (to know) as universal donor. Whereas AB Rh+ blood group can receive blood from any donor, hence they (to call) universal acceptor. Apart from these two, if there is a transfer of unmatched blood to any person, then his antibodies (to attack) the antigens and (to result) in agglutination. This can stop the blood flow and the person may die. Hence it is very important to test the blood before the blood transfusion so as to avoid serious consequences.

* Read the passages and answer the following questions:

1. This substance is composed of plasma, red corpuscles, white corpuscles and platelets. What substance is it?

2. These cellular elements are the most numerous in the blood. They range from 4 to 5 million per cu mm in healthy adults. Their color is red. What cellular elements are they?

3. This blood is brought to the heart from the systemic and portal circulations. It enters the right atrium of the heart. Then this blood passes into the right ventricle. From the right ventricle this blood passes into the pulmonary artery. What blood is it?

*Do you know that:

1. each erythrocyte lives 120-130 days? 2. each leukocyte lives 4-7 days? 3. every day 200.000.000 erythrocytes are born and the same number dies?