Blood Groups and Blood Transfusions Групи крові та переливання крові |
Text: Blood Groups and Blood Transfusions
Grammar: Emphatic Construction
Pre-text assignments
Exercise 1. Learn the following new words
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[trəns’fju:z] [‘klΛmp]
[ə’glu:tineit] [‘kr æk] [kən’si:kwənsiz] [‘peiv] [ri:zəs] [in’herit] [di’tɜ:min] [kəm’pætibl]
[ri’si:piənt] [ə’kju:mjuleit] [əbs’trΛkt]
[‘feitl] [‘vaisə ‘vɜ:sə] |
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Exercise 2. Read the following paying attention to the rules of reading. Give examples of your own:
t
h [θ]
– thalamus,
therapy,
thermal,
thyroid,
thumb
[ð] – they, this, that, then, them
sh [ʃ] – flesh, shelf life, shoulder, rash, shape
i + gh [ai] – night, right, high, sight, light
a + ss, st, sk, ff, ft [a:] – glass, mask, last, staff, after, class, cast
Exercise 3. Remember the rules of word-building in the English language. Translate them into Ukrainian.
a) form the Nouns with the help of suffix – th from the adjectives: deep, strong, warm, wide, wealthy, healthy, long
b) form the Nouns with the help of suffix – cy from the adjectives: urgent, efficient, frequent, private, legal, accurate, adequate
c) form the Adjectives with the help of suffix – ous from the nouns: delirium, cancer, fiber, infection, poison, vein
Exercise 4. Read and translate the word combinations into your native language
Universal receivers, a person's blood stream, to carry out experiments safely, to lead to blood clumping or agglutination, to cause toxic reactions, immunological reaction, to be awarded the Nobel Prize, to classify blood groups, presence or absence of certain protein molecules, inheritance, to obstruct blood vessels and stop the circulation, fatal consequences, donated blood, universal donors.
Exercise 5. Read and translate the text
Blood Groups and Blood Transfusions
Experiments with blood transfusions, the transfer of blood or blood components into a person's blood stream, have been carried out for hundreds of years. In 1901 the Austrian scientist Karl Landsteiner discovered human blood groups and since then blood transfusions became safer.
Mixing blood from two individuals can lead to blood clumping or agglutination. The clumped red cells can crack and cause toxic reactions. This can have fatal consequences. Karl Landsteiner discovered that blood clumping was an immunological reaction which occurs when the receiver of a blood transfusion has antibodies against the donor’s blood cells.
It was Karl Landsteiner's work that made it possible to determine blood groups and thus paved the way for blood transfusions to be carried out safely. For this discovery he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
The two main ways to classify blood groups are the ABO (A, B, AB, O) system and the Rh (Rhesus positive +, Rhesus negative -) system. Together, they make up the eight main blood groups.
The differences in human blood are due to the presence or absence of certain protein molecules called antigens and antibodies. The antigens are located on the surface of the red blood cells and the antibodies are located in the blood plasma. Individuals have different types and combinations of these molecules. The blood group you belong to depends on what you have inherited from your parents.
There are more than 20 genetically determined blood group systems known today, but the ABO and Rh systems are the most important ones used for blood transfusions. Not all blood groups are compatible with each other that is why blood transfusions may sometimes be dangerous for individuals.
What happens when blood clumps or agglutinates?
For a blood transfusion to be successful, ABO and Rh blood groups must be compatible between the donor blood and the recipient. If they are not, the red blood cells from the donated blood will clump or agglutinate. The accumulated red cells can obstruct blood vessels and stop the circulation of the blood to various parts of the body.
You can give A blood to persons with blood group A, B blood to a person with blood group B and so on. But in some cases you can receive blood with another type of blood group, or donate blood to a person with another kind of blood group.
The transfusion will work if a person who is going to receive blood has a blood group that doesn't have any antibodies against the donor blood's antigens. But if a person who is going to receive blood has antibodies matching the donor blood's antigens, the red blood cells in the donated blood will clump.
People with blood group O Rh - are called "universal donors" and people with blood group AB Rh+ are called "universal receivers."
Rh+ blood can never be given to someone with Rh - blood, but it is possible vice versa. For example, O Rh+ blood can not be given to someone with the blood type AB Rh -.
Transfusions can spread disease from donor to recipient that is why donors should be periodically tested for infectious diseases.