
- •Передмова
- •Contents
- •Unit 11 metals
- •Look at the objects in the pictures. What metals do you think they are made of?
- •Name as many metals as you can? Where are they used?
- •Read the text and correct the statements that follow. Metals
- •8. Read the clues and complete the crossword:
- •15. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple Passive.
- •16. Transform sentences from the Active into Passive Voice.
- •17. In the following description of how plastics are shaped, put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple Passive.
- •Unit 12 mechanical properties
- •1. Look at the objects in the pictures. What materials do you think they are made of and why?
- •2. In pairs, discuss what is meant by mechanical properties. What mechanical properties do you know?
- •3. Read the text and decide whether the statements that follow are true or false. Mechanical Properties
- •4. Match each adjective from the text with its antonym:
- •5. Match each word from the text with its synonym.
- •6. Put these word combinations in the right order to make sentences:
- •7. Group the following words into three columns: nouns, adjectives and verbs. Some of them fit into more than one column.
- •8. Read the clues and complete the crossword:
- •9. Listen to the text and answer the questions:
- •10. Listen to the text and complete the sentences.
- •12. Work in pairs. Discuss the following quotations with your partner.
- •14. In the following sentences underline the verbs and define the voice (Active / Passive).
- •15. Transform the sentences from the Active into Passive Voice, as in the example.
- •16. Put the questions into the Passive Voice.
- •17. Complete the following report of an accident which happened in a factory. Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
- •Unit 13 numbers
- •How are numbers classified? Give examples of rational and irrational numbers.
- •Work in pairs. Take turns to give examples of everyday use of numbers in our lives. Look at the pictures and say the time.
- •Read the text and find the expressions which mean:
- •Numbers
- •8. Decide whether the statements below are true or false:
- •9. Listen and practise.
- •10. Listen to the conversations. Write the numbers.
- •15. Rewrite the sentences in the passive in two ways, as in the example.
- •16. Rewrite the sentences in the passive, where possible.
- •17. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Unit 14 numerals
- •1. Look at the picture and read the following Roman numerals.
- •3. Read the text and match the sentences (a-c) to the numbered spaces (1-3) in the text:
- •Numerals
- •4. Complete the sentences with the appropriate words from the text:
- •5. Match each adjective from the text with its antonym:
- •6. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words from the list below. Use each word only once:
- •7. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents:
- •8. Read the clues and complete the crossword:
- •10. Listen to the text and complete the sentences.
- •11. Discuss the following questions in small groups.
- •12. Make a short presentation on one of the following topics: "Maya numerals", "Babylonian numerals" or find another to your liking.
- •13. Choose one of the following quotations and explain what it means. Write a short paragraph (60 - 80 words) to express your opinion.
- •14. Match two parts to form conditional sentences.
- •15. Match the items in two columns in order to make correct Type 0 conditional sentences, as in the example.
- •16. Underline the correct tense form in the following sentences.
- •17. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense. Add a comma where necessary.
- •Unit 15 geometric figures
- •1. Match the geometric figures to their names.
- •2. What other geometric figures do you know? Name the objects in the classroom that have the shape of a circle, triangle, square, rectangle, oval, arc, cube, cylinder, hexagon, etc.
- •3. Read the text and correct the statements that follow. Geometric Figures
- •8. Read the clues and complete the crossword:
- •16. Use the information from the table to complete the sentences below.
- •17. Complete the table of adverbs.
- •18. Four of the sentences below contain mistakes. Find the mistakes and correct them.
- •Unit 16 measuring instruments
- •Match the measuring instruments to their names.
- •What do we use scales, thermometers, speedometers, clocks for? What other measuring instruments do you know? What are they used for?
- •Read the text about measuring instruments and complete sentences 1-5 with words from the text:
- •Measuring Instruments
- •8. Read the clues and complete the crossword:
- •14. Decide if the following nouns are countable or uncountable and write them in the appropriate column below.
- •15. Fill in the blanks with the where necessary.
- •16. Fill in the blanks with a / an or the where necessary.
- •17. Fill in the blanks with a / an or the where necessary.
- •Unit 17
- •Inventions
- •1. Match the invention to its inventor.
- •2. What do you think are the most outstanding inventions in human history? Why are they important?
- •3. Read the text and put the inventions in the chronological order:
- •Inventions
- •4. Match the first part of the sentence (1-7) with the second one (a-g).
- •5. Find mistakes in the following statements and correct them:
- •6. Match each adjective from the text with its antonym:
- •7. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words from the list below. Use each word only once:
- •8. Read the clues and complete the crossword:
- •15. Fill in the gaps with some, any, no or one of their compounds.
- •Unit 18 types of engines
- •Types of Engines
- •15. Underline the proper item to complete the sentences.
- •16. Fill in the gaps with little / a little or few / a few.
- •17. Fill in the gaps with little / a little or few / a few.
- •Unit 19
- •Industrial design
- •1. Work in pairs. Look at the products in the pictures. What do you think makes their design good or bad?
- •2. Why do you think design is necessary in industry?
- •3. Read the text and find the expressions which mean:
- •Industrial Design
- •4. Complete the sentences with the appropriate words from the text:
- •5. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words from the list below. Use each word only once:
- •6. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents:
- •7. Group the following words into three columns: nouns, adjectives and verbs. Some of them fit into more than one column.
- •8. Read the clues and complete the crossword:
- •10. Listen to the text and complete the sentences.
- •15. Fill in the gaps with many or much.
- •16. Put the following sentences in order from the most to the least.
- •17. Complete the sentences with the words given in brackets.
- •Unit 20 manufacturing
- •1. What do you think can be done to make manufacturing more environmentally friendly? Why is it important?
- •2. In pairs, discuss the benefits and problems of recycling technologies in manufacturing.
- •3. Read the text and decide whether the statements that follow are true or false. Manufacturing
- •4. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the following English words and word combinations:
- •5. Fill in the gaps with the proper item from the text:
- •6. Find mistakes in the following statements and correct them:
- •7. Match the English phrases with their Ukrainian equivalents:
- •8. Read the clues and complete the crossword:
- •15. Complete the following sentences using the correct prepositions.
- •16. Underline the correct preposition. Use dictionary if necessary.
- •17. Five of the following sentences contain mistakes. Find the mistakes and correct them.
- •Grammar references Іменник (the Noun)
- •Артикль (the Article)
- •Неозначений артикль a/an
- •Означений артикль the
- •Артиклі не вживаються:
- •Займенник (the Pronoun)
- •Прикметник (the Adjective) / Прислівник (the Adverb)
- •Прийменник (the Preposition)
- •Числівник (the Numeral)
- •Порядок слів у розповідному, запитальному та заперечному реченні. Коротка відповідь на запитання.
- •I. Загальні запитання
- •I. Спеціальні запитання
- •III. Альтернативні запитання
- •IV. Розділові запитання
- •Дієслово (the Verb)
- •Утворення часів активного стану (див. Зведену таблицю часів активного стану)
- •Зведена таблиця часів активного стану (active voice)
- •Активний стан дієслова (the active voice) Часові форми дієслова
- •The Present Simple
- •The Past Simple
- •The Future Simple
- •The Present Continuous
- •The Past Continuous
- •The Future Continuous
- •The Present Perfect
- •The Past Perfect
- •The Future Perfect
- •The Present Perfect-Continuous
- •Модальні дієслова (the Modal Verbs)
- •Узгодження часів (the Sequence of Tenses)
- •Перетворення запитальних речень у непряму мову
- •Перетворення спонукальних речень з прямої у непряму мову
- •Інфінітив (the Infinitive)
- •Ми вживаємо інфінітив з to
- •Ми вживаємо інфінітив без to
- •Складний додаток з інфінітивом
- •Герундій ( the Gerund)
- •Ми використовуємо герундій :
- •Дієприкметник (the Participle)
- •Умовний спосіб дієслова (the Conditionals)
- •Найбільш вживані скорочення дієслівних форм
- •Irregular verbs
- •References
Узгодження часів (the Sequence of Tenses)
В англійській мові існує певна залежність вживання часу дієслова-присудка підрядного речення від часу, в якому вжито дієслово-присудок головного речення. Це правило називають правилом узгодження часів. Узгодження часів відбувається переважно у підрядних додаткових реченнях і полягає в тому, що якщо дієслово - присудок головного речення вжито в минулому часі (past simple), то і дієслово-присудок підрядного додаткового речення повиненно вживатися в одному з минулих часів.
I said I studied at the university. |
Я сказав, що навчаюсь в університеті. |
I said I had studied at the university. |
Я сказав, що навчався в університеті. |
I said I would study at the university. |
Я сказав, що навчатимусь в університеті. |
Правило узгодження часів широко застосовується при перетворенні прямої мови в непряму.
Перетворення стверджувальних та заперечних речень у непряму мову.
Коли ми перетворюємо у непряму мову стверджувальне або заперечне речення ми використовуємо дієслова say (to sb) або tell (sb) перед непрямою мовою. Особові та присвійні займенники змінюються відповідно до змісту. Напр..
Sophie said, ‘I bought a new dictionary yesterday.’
Sophie said (that) she had bought a new dictionary the day before.
Якщо при перетворенні прямої мови в непряму дієслово – присудок головного речення вжито в минулому часі, то відбувається така заміна часів:
Пряма мова |
Непряма мова |
Present Simple ‘I want to find a better job,’ he said. |
Past Simple He said he wanted to find a better job. |
Present Continuous ‘They are making the first draft,’ he said. |
Past Continuous He said they were making the first draft. |
Present Perfect ‘I have read this book,’ she said. |
Past Perfect She said she had read that book. |
Past Simple ‘Jack checked the water pressure in the pipes,’ they said. |
Past Perfect They said Jack had checked the water pressure in the pipes. |
Future Simple ‘I will send you the report as soon as possible,’ he said. |
Future Simple in the Past He said he would send me the report as soon as possible. |
Деякі слова і вирази змінюються таким чином:
Пряма мова |
Непряма мова |
Tonight, today, this week/month/year, etc. |
That night, that day, that week/month/year |
Now |
Then, at that time, at once, immediately |
Yesterday, last night/week/month/year, etc. |
The day before/the previous day/night/week, the night / week / month / year before |
Tomorrow, next week/month/year, etc. |
The day after/the following day/the next day, the next/following week/month/year, etc. |
Two days/month/years, etc. ago |
Two days/months/years before |
This, these |
That/those |
Here |
There |
Якщо при перетворенні прямої мови на непряму дієслово – присудок головного речення вжито у present simple, future simple або present perfect, а також, коли речення висловлює загальну істину (те, що завжди є вірним), заміни часів у додатковому підрядному реченні не відбувається.
Пряма мова |
Непряма мова |
She says, ‘I don’t like maths.’ |
She says (that) she doesn’t like maths. |
‘It is cold in the Arctic,’ said the teacher. |
The teacher said (that) it is cold in the Arctic. |
The past continuous, past perfect та past perfect continuous не змінюються в непрямій мові. Напр..
‘I was reading while she was doing her homework,’ he said.
He said (that) he was reading while she was doing her homework.
Деякі модальні дієслова не змінюються в непрямій мові. А саме: could, would, might, should, ought to. Напр..
‘I could count fast when I was young,’ he said.
He said (that) he could count fast when he was young.