UNIT 1
“Mathematics is the science that
draws necessary conclusions.”
Benjamin Pierce
Grammar: Sequence of Tenses. Reported Speech. |
Согласование времен (Sequence of Tenses)
Если сказуемое главного предложения выражено глаголом в настоящем времени (Present Simple, Present Perfect) или в будущем времени (Future Simple), то глагол в придаточном предложении употребляется в любом времени, которое требуется по смыслу:
|
he works there he is working there |
работает |
I |
he worked there he was working there |
работал |
|
he will work there he will be working there |
будет работать |
know
Если сказуемое главного предложения выражено глаголом в прошедшем времени (обычно Past Simple), то глагол придаточного предложения употребляется в одной из форм прошедшего времени или будущего в прошедшем (Future in the Past).
|
he worked there he was working there |
работает |
I |
he had worked there he had been working there |
работал |
|
he would work there he would be working there |
будет работать |
knew
Изменение модальных глаголов при согласовании времен.
can → could shall → should (совет)
may → might must → had to (пришлось, был вынужден)
will → would
w
ould,
could, might, ought to, must (обязан)/mustn’t
НЕ
МЕНЯЮТСЯ.
She reminded me that I ought to be more careful. I didn’t understand why it was I who should do it. |
Она напомнила мне, что я должен быть осторожнее. Я не понимал, почему именно я должен все это делать. |
Косвенная речь (Reported Speech)
Правило согласования времен действует и при обращении предложения в косвенную речь.
Повествовательные предложения в косвенной речи вводятся глаголами to say, to tell + косвенное дополнение без предлога to: he said that ..., he said to me that ..., he told me that ... .
Глагол в главном предложении, вводящий прямую речь, стоит в настоящем времени.
Direct Speech |
Reported Speech |
Jack says, "She knows the answer." |
Jack says (that) she knows the answer. |
Anna says, "We are leaving tonight." |
Anna says (that) they are leaving tonight. |
Bob says, "I have read the story." |
Bob says (that) he has read the story. |
Sue says, "They told the truth." |
Sue says (that) they told the truth. |
Jim says, "I was thinking about it." |
Jim says (that) he was thinking about it. |
Greg says, "Dad will speak to you." |
Greg says (that) dad will speak to me. |
Paul says, "He can swim here." |
Paul says (that) he can swim here. |
Глагол, вводящий прямую речь, стоит в прошедшем времени.
Direct Speech |
Reported Speech |
Present Simple Jack said, "She knows the answer." |
Past Simple Jack said (that) she knew the answer. |
Present Continuous Anna said, "We are leaving soon." |
Past Continuous Anna said (that) they were leaving soon. |
Present Perfect Bob said, "I have read the story." |
Past Perfect Bob said (that) he had read the story. |
Past Simple Sue said, "They told the truth." |
Past Simple/Past Perfect Sue said (that) they (had) told the truth. |
Past Continuous I said, "I was thinking about it." |
Past Continuous/Past Perfect Continuous I said (that) I was /had been thinking about it. |
Past Perfect Matt said, "I had read this book." |
Past Perfect (no change!) Matt said (that) he had read this book. |
Past Perfect Continuous Ted said, "I had been doing it all day." |
Past Perfect Continuous (no change!) Ted said (that) he had been doing it all day. |
Future Simple Greg said, "Dad will speak to you." |
Future in the Past Greg said (that) dad would speak to me. |
Для передачи косвенной речи используется ряд других глаголов:
а) для сообщения информации: remark (отмечать), explain (объявлять), mention (упоминать), insist (настаивать). declare (объявлять), announce (объявлять), state (заявлять), promise (обещать)
б) следующие глаголы показывают, что далее последует ответ на уже высказанную реплику: answer (отвечать), confirm (убежать), reply (говорить в ответ), object (возражать), agree (соглашаться), deny (отрицать), assert (утверждать), protest (выражать протест)
Общие вопросы вводятся в косвенной речи союзами if или whether, которые помещаются перед косвенным общим вопросом. Сам косвенный вопрос приобретает структуру утвердительного предложения.
Direct speech |
Reported Speech |
The dean asked Lucie, “Do you live far from the university?” My brother asked, “Can you answer the phone?” |
The dean asked Lucie if she lived far from the university. My brother asked me if I could answer the phone. |
Вместо глагола ask могут употребляться другие вводящие глаголы: want to know (хотеть знать), inquire (узнавать), wonder (интересоваться).