VIII. Трансформируйте следующие предложения в прошедшее и будущее время, используя соответствующую форму модального глагола или его эквивалента.

1. We must pass the examination in physics. 2. He can help you in your studies. 3. The tourists may attend the Westminster Abbey.

IX. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на выражение модальности в английском языке.

1. Who can translate this sentence? 2. Could you speak English a year ago? 3. I hope they will be able to reach the village before it grows dark. 4. You may go away now, I shall finish the work myself. 5. Every engineer must know at least one foreign language. 6. You should take a taxi if you don’t want to be late for the concert. 7. Students are not allowed to smoke in the classrooms. 8. As he received a bad mark, he had to go over the material now. 9. We were to meet at the station at six. 10. Do you know the student who is to make a report? 11. You will have to repeat the material of the lectures before the examinations. 12. We were to send his recommendation letter by air mail. 13. You can go to Vologda by train or by plane. 14. Your son must stay in bed because he is ill. 15. You should try to find out all the facts of his biography.

X. Прочитайте и письменно переведите “Metals”. Metals

Metals are materials most widely used in industry because of their properties. The study of the production and properties of metals is known as metallurgy. Most metals are dense. The atoms are arranged regularly and can slide over each other. That’s why metals are malleable (can be deformed and bent without fracture) and ductile (can be drawn into wire).

Metals vary greatly in their properties. For example, lead is soft and can be bent by hand, while iron can only be worked by hammering at red heat.

The regular arrangement of atoms in metals gives them a crystalline structure. Irregular crystals are called grains. The properties of the metals depend on the size, shape and composition of these grains.

Heat treatment controls the nature of the grains and their size in the metal. Small amounts of other metals (less than 1 per cent) are often added to a pure metal. This is called alloying (легирование) and it changes the grain structure and properties of metals.

All metals can be worked cold or hot. They are subject to deformation and failure. It is taken into account by engineers when designing airplanes, gas-turbines and vessels for high-temperature chemical processes.

XI.Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы.

1. What are metals and what do we call metallurgy?

2. Why are metals malleable?

3. What are grains?

4. What do the properties of metals depend on?

5. What changes the size of grains in metals?

6. How are metals worked?

XII. Подберите эквиваленты к следующим словам и словосочетаниям:

1. свойства металлов

2. кристаллическая структура

3. производство

4. плотные металлы

5. размер и состав зерен

6. тепловая обработка

7. повреждение, разрушение

8. ломать

9. гнуть

10. скользить