
- •Changing of meaning
- •It is often due to resemblance of form, position, colour, similarity of function. It is change from concrete to abstract, from specific to general.
- •E.G.: beautiful – pleasant, charming, wonderful hope – expectation, anticipation.
- •International Words
- •2) Words of non-literary stylistic layer.
- •English lexicography
- •1) Selection of words and the number of dictionary entries.
- •2) Structure and content of a dictionary entry (in different types of dictionaries).
- •Types of dictionaries
- •Classifications of phraseological units
2) Words of non-literary stylistic layer.
Words of non-literary stylistic layer include several subgroups:
1) Colloquialisms are words and expressions that occupy intermediate position between literary and non-literary stylistic layers, and are used in conversational type of everyday speech.
E.g.: awfully sorry, a pretty little thing, you got it.
2) Slang – words that have originated in everyday speech and exist on periphery of the lexical system of the given language.
Slang words and phrases are as a rule emotionally coloured, often figurative.
It can be divided into students’ slang, newspapers’ slang, schoolboys’ slang etc.
E.g.: to grind - зубрити bung - брехня grease - бійка to muck about–прогулювати уроки
squaker - промовець to go crackers - божеволіти to go bananas - божеволіти.
3) Professionalisms – words, characteristic of the conversational variant of professional speech. Contrary to terms, they are the result of metonymic or metaphoric transference of some everyday words.
E.g.: tin-fish – підводний човен block-buster – бомба потужної дії outer - нокаут
piper – кондитер, що прикрашає торти bull - брокер sparks – радист.
4) Vulgarisms – rude words and expressions used mostly in the speech of lower levels of society. E.g.: son of a bitch, bloody beast.
Some of these words – oaths, curses, swear – are very stabile, established by long use.
E.g.: damn it, to hell with, Goddamn, go to hell.
5) Jargonisms – words used within certain social and professional groups, a sort of secret code, made up of ordinary words, invested with special “agreed upon” meaning, or distorted to look strange, or of borrowed words and expressions.
E.g.: tiger – партійний лідер carpetbagger–учасник виборів, який не має житлового цензу
Wet Triangle – Північне море to have soldier’s supper – лягти спати голодним
solid suit - товстун Japs - японці the Widow – англійська королева.
6) Dialect words – words and phrases used by inhabitants of certain regions of the country.
E.g.: baccy – tobacco unbeknown – unknown winder – window loch – lake.
We distinguish Cockney dialect – language of former inhabitants of London slums (East End).
e.g.: die (day), mike (make), plice (place), loaf (head), bob (shilling), quid (pound), barney (fight), moll (woman).
English lexicography
Compiling dictionaries or lexicons containing an alphabetical arrangement of the words with a definition is called lexicography.
It has a common object of study with lexicology as both describe the vocabulary of a language.
The main problems of lexicography.
The most burning problems of lexicography are connected with the selection of head-words, the arrangement and content of the vocabulary entry, the principles of sense definitions and the semantic and functional classification of words.
There are 2 main problems.