2) Words of non-literary stylistic layer.

Words of non-literary stylistic layer include several subgroups:

1) Colloquialisms are words and expressions that occupy intermediate position between literary and non-literary stylistic layers, and are used in conversational type of everyday speech.

E.g.: awfully sorry, a pretty little thing, you got it.

2) Slang – words that have originated in everyday speech and exist on periphery of the lexical system of the given language.

Slang words and phrases are as a rule emotionally coloured, often figurative.

It can be divided into students’ slang, newspapers’ slang, schoolboys’ slang etc.

E.g.: to grind - зубрити bung - брехня grease - бійка to muck about–прогулювати уроки

squaker - промовець to go crackers - божеволіти to go bananas - божеволіти.

3) Professionalisms – words, characteristic of the conversational variant of professional speech. Contrary to terms, they are the result of metonymic or metaphoric transference of some everyday words.

E.g.: tin-fish – підводний човен block-buster – бомба потужної дії outer - нокаут

piper – кондитер, що прикрашає торти bull - брокер sparks – радист.

4) Vulgarisms – rude words and expressions used mostly in the speech of lower levels of society. E.g.: son of a bitch, bloody beast.

Some of these words – oaths, curses, swear – are very stabile, established by long use.

E.g.: damn it, to hell with, Goddamn, go to hell.

5) Jargonisms – words used within certain social and professional groups, a sort of secret code, made up of ordinary words, invested with special “agreed upon” meaning, or distorted to look strange, or of borrowed words and expressions.

E.g.: tiger – партійний лідер carpetbagger–учасник виборів, який не має житлового цензу

Wet Triangle – Північне море to have soldier’s supper – лягти спати голодним

solid suit - товстун Japs - японці the Widow – англійська королева.

6) Dialect words – words and phrases used by inhabitants of certain regions of the country.

E.g.: baccy – tobacco unbeknown – unknown winder – window loch – lake.

We distinguish Cockney dialect – language of former inhabitants of London slums (East End).

e.g.: die (day), mike (make), plice (place), loaf (head), bob (shilling), quid (pound), barney (fight), moll (woman).

English lexicography

Compiling dictionaries or lexicons containing an alphabetical arrangement of the words with a definition is called lexicography.

It has a common object of study with lexicology as both describe the vocabulary of a language.

The main problems of lexicography.

The most burning problems of lexicography are connected with the selection of head-words, the arrangement and content of the vocabulary entry, the principles of sense definitions and the semantic and functional classification of words.

There are 2 main problems.