2. Составьте словарь к тексту.

3. Прочитайте текст снова и письменно ответьте на вопросы:

1. What’s a long-term loan?

2. When does a firm issue bonds?

3. What’s the value of most bonds?

4. What can a company offer if a company wants to sell bonds?

5. What does the conversion privilege allow bondholders?

Вариант 5

1. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык текст:

SHORT-TERM FINANCING

1. The seasonal financial needs of a company may be covered by short-term sources of funds. The company must pay them off within one year. Businesses spend these funds on salaries and for emergencies. The most popular outside sources of short-term funds are trade credit, loans, factors, sales finance companies, and governmental sources.

2. About 85 per cent of all US business transactions involve some form of trade credit. When a business orders goods and services, it doesn’t normally pay for them. The supplier provides them with an invoice requesting payment within a settled time period, say thirty days. During this time the buyer uses goods and services without paying for them.

3. A company can use the trade credit as a source of savings. A typical trade arrangement is 2/10, net 30. If a buyer pays within 10 days instead of 30, he gets a 2 per cent discount. The savings a buyer obtains can be used as a source of short-term funds.

4. Commercial banks lend money to their customers by direct loans or by setting up lines of credit. A line of credit is the amount a customer can borrow without making a new request, simply by notifying the bank. If the business doesn’t pledge collateral when it borrows, the loan is an unsecured loan. Only customers with an excellent credit rating can get an unsecured loan. They usually repay it within a year’s time. When a company wants to borrow a large sum of money it pledges collateral to back up the loan. Such a loan is secured one.

5. A company might sell its accounts receivable to a special financial broker: a factoring company, a factor. The factor immediately pays the firm cash, usually 50 to 80 per cent of the value of the accounts receivable. When customers make the payments on their accounts, the money goes directly to the factor.

6. Some big firms obtain funds by selling commercial paper. Because commercial paper has no collateral behind it, only firms with good financial reputation can sell it. In special cases, a business may obtain short-term funds from federal government.

2. Составьте словарь к тексту.

3. Прочитайте текст снова и письменно ответьте на вопросы:

1. What are most popular short-term funds?

2. How do commercial banks lend money to their customer?

3. What do firms do to obtain funds?

4. What is a typical trade arrangement?

5. How does business spend short-term sources of funds?

Тексты по направлению

221700.62 "Стандартизация и метрология" вариант 1

1. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык текст:

SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT

1. The English system of weights and measures is based on two fundamental units, the yard and the pound. Originated by the British around the twelfth century and frequently changed with different periods, it developed into a rather complicated and difficult system to work with.

2. The yard was originally defined by Henry I of England as the distance from the tip of his nose to the end of his thumb when his arm was extended. The yard was replaced several times. Finally, in the early nineteenth century the yard was defined as the distance between the two fine lines on gold plugs in a bronze alloy bar when its temperature was 62°F. The development of the English pound was very similar to that of the yard. Finally, the pound was defined as the mass of a cylinder of pure platinum, 1.15in. in diameter and 1.35in. in length, which was equal to 0.453,592,37kg.

3. The SI System evolved from the metric system and is actually the modern version. Today, the SI system is recognized as the universal standard for measurement. Every major industrialized nation, except the United States, has adopted the SI system as their national standard. In the SI system, the meter is the fundamental unit of measurement on which all other units are based.

4. For decades, scientists throughout the world recognized the merits of the metric system and wished to see it universally adopted. The metric system is much more logical than the English system and much easier to use. But, they also realized that the English-speaking world was unlikely to change from the English system of measure. Many people do not like the thought of changing over to metric units because they have been trained to use the English system from childhood and have been using it ever since.