Kinds of pollution Part II

Vocabulary

layer прошарок

restrict стримувати, обмежувати

grove гай

greenhouse effect парниковий ефект

irritate дратувати, роздратовувати

lungs легенi

worsen погіршувати, чорніти

disease хвороба, захворювати

concrete бетон

threaten загрожувати, грозити

Reading Read the text and say about harmful effect of air pollution on human health.

One serious result of air pollution is its harmful effect on human health. Both gases and particulates burn people's eyes and irritate their lungs. Particulates can settle in the lungs and worsen such respiratory diseases as asthma, bronchitis, and pneumonia, Studies have shown, that particu­lates-help cause such diseases as cancer and emphysema. In cities throughout the world, long periods of heavy air pollution have caused illness and death rates to increase dramatically.

Air pollution also harms plants. Poisonous gases in the air can restrict the growth of, and eventually kill, nearly all kinds of plants.) Forests in Tennessee, citrus groves near Los Angeles, and vegetable gardens in New Jersey have all been seriously, damaged by air pollution.

Most materials get dirty and wear out more quickly in polluted air than in clean air. Polluted air even harms such hard and strong materials as concrete and steel. In some cities, statues and other art objects that stood out-doors for centuries have been moved indoors because air pol­lution threatened to destroy them.

Air pollutants may also affect climate. Both gases and particulates can cause changes in the average temperatures of an area. Particulates scatter the sun's rays and reduce the amount of sunlight that reaches the ground. Such interference with sunlight may cause average temperatures in an area to drop. Some gases, including carbon dioxide allow sunlight to reach the ground, but prevent the sunlight's heat from rising out of the atmosphere and flowing back into space. The warming of the earth's sur­face that results is called the greenhouse effect. The burning of fuel and other polluting activities are increasing the amount of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere. This development may intensify the greenhouse ef­fect, causing average temperatures to rise.

In addition, air pollutants may damage the layer of ozone (a form of oxygen) in the earth's upper atmosphere. The ozone layer protects ani­mals and plants from much of the sun's harmful Ultraviolet light.

Exercise 1. Read and translate the following international words.

Human respiratory, asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, cancer, dramatically, citrus, statue, carbon dioxide, ozone, ultraviolet, effect.

Exercise 2. Complete the sentences with one word or word combination from each column.

A	B	C
Particles	burn irritate restrict harm can cause changes in	the average temperature people’s eyes people’s lungs hard and strong materials growth of plants

Exercise 3. Match a word in A with a word in B.

	A		B
1 2 3 4 5 6 7	human respiratory citrus vegetable average ultraviolet greenhouse	a b c d e f g	light effect diseases temperature groves garden health

Exercise 4. Complete the gaps with the words from the box.

damaged, harm, average, restrict, reduce

1. Both gases and particulates cause changes in the … temperatures of an area.

2. Particulates scatter the sun's rays and … the amount of sunlight that reaches the ground.

3. Polluted air … concrete and steel.

4. Poisonous gases in the air can … the growth of all kinds of plants.

5. Air pollution seriously … forests and citrus groves.

Exercise 5. Replace the underlined pronouns with the correct words or word-combinations from the box.

Particulates, air pollution, poisonous gases, the ozone layer

1. It harms plants.

2. It protects animals and plants from much of the sun’s harmful ultraviolet light.

3. They burn people’s eye and irritate their lungs.

4. They can restrict the growth of plants and eventually kill nearly all kinds of plants.

Exercise 6. Write the -ing forms of these verbs:

rise – rising

warm –

burn –

trap –

cause –

include –

flow –

Exercise 7. State the functions of -ing forms and translate the following sentences.

1. Some gases, including carbon dioxide allow sunlight to reach the ground, but prevent the sunlight’s heat from rising out of the atmosphere and flowing back into space.

2. The warming of the earth’s surface that results is called the greenhouse effect.

3. The burning of fuel and other polluting activities are increasing the amount of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere.

4. This development may intensify the greenhouse effect, causing average temperature to rise.

Exercise 8. State the functions of the verb “to have“ and translate the sentences.

1. Studies have shown that particles cause various diseases.

2. Vegetable gardens have been seriously damaged.

3. Pollution had affected the water in every lake by the mid – 1900s.

4. People have to stop air pollution.

Exercise 9. Answer the questions.

1. How does air pollution harm human health?

2. Why is air pollution so harmful for plants?

3. How does air pollution affect climate?

4. What’s greenhouse effect?

5. Does polluted air harm concrete and steel?

Exercise 10. Make sentences, using if …, …will …

Example: If the Earth gets warmer, the sea will get warmer.

If the sea gets warmer, …

If … the Earth gets warmer.

the sea gets warmer.

the ice at the north and south poles melts.

t he sea level rises.

there are floods in many parts of the world.

many people lose their homes and land.

Lesson 4