Investigate appear is disturb

pay support provide

1. The level of damage to the forest in the USA … really high.

2. American environmentalists … also about the problem of global warming

3. Environment pollution problem … much attention to in the USA.

4. Many USA universities …these problems.

5. The “Greenpeace” organization … in the 1971.

6. The government … smoke control program.

7. Campaign for environmental protection … by public organizations and individuals.

Exercise 8. State the function of the Participle I and translate the sentences.

1. What was happening to Lake Erie, the shallowest of the Great Lakes, is a good example.

2. Travelling in Central Asia the explores met many wild animals.

3. Having banned the drug thalidomide the FDA prevented the tragedy.

4. Acid rain killing enormous amounts of fish are also in the center of attention.

5. City and industrial wastes, chemicals, and fertilizers were endangering the once enormous stocks of fish.

6. Together with the gases, destroying the ozone layer, global warming influences the patterns of weather.

7. Seeking better land and greater opportunities, settlers moved westward.

8. The melting snows of the great summit areas and the rainfall supply these rivers with water.

Exercise 9. Put the questions in the correct order and use the answer to get summary of the text.

1. How does the government control nature conservation and environment?

2. What do the laws ban?

3. What movement was first formulated and implemented in the United States as a political program?

4. How did environmental problems in America gain publicity?

5. What did Americans realize in the early 1960s?

6. Which laws has the United States implemented in order to protect environ­ment?

Exercise 10. Translate the text in the written form.

Litter is garbage — like food, paper and cans — on the ground or in the street. Where many people live together, litter is a problem. People don't always put their garbage in the garbage can. It's easier to drop a paper than to find a garbage can for it. But litter is ugly. It makes the city look dirty and it spoils the view.

The wind blows papers far away. Often they are difficult to catch. When they blow against the fence, they stay there.

Litter is a health problem, too. Food and garbage bring animals, which sometimes carry disease.

Some people want to control litter. They never throw litter themselves, and sometimes they work together in groups to clean up the city. In most places litter is against the law. The law punishes people who throw garbage on the streets. They usually pay a fine, and occasionally they go to jail.

Two famous sayings in the United States are: "Don't be a litter-bug!" and "Every litter bit hurts!"

Lesson 12

Fighting extinction

Vocabulary

extinction вимирати

feather пір’я

slaughter масове знищення

annihilate винищувати, вбивати

herd залежати

bison бізон

elimination знищення

egret біла чапля, егретка

plume перо, пір’їна

starve голодувати, вмирати від

голоду

millinery виробництво та торгівля

жіночими капелюхами

tern крачка

hummingbird колібрі

decline знижувати, зменшувати

beaver бобер

Reading Read the text and find out information about some vanishing animal species.

North America was rich in animal species until explorers from Europe began to visit and set up the fur and feather trade. In the early days French traders and the Hudson's Bay Co bought furs from the Indians, but later when the white men began to spread over the country with their more effective weapons, the real slaughter began. By the 20th century 70 or more species of animals that had been common disappeared. Bison, which were numerous when the Spanish and the French arrived, were annihilated in the east by 1825. When railways were built in 1869 vast herds were also killed off in the west. As the Indians depended on their for food and skins, the white men felt they were killing two birds with one stone — the elimination of the bison would make life hard Indians. By 1900 there ere only 39 bison in Kansas. The feather trade concentrated mainly on egrets. The plumes were taken as the parents returned to the nests with food for the sung, which were left to starve, thus increasing the number of deaths. Five million birds died annually for the millinery trade. As well as the egrets, arctic terns and hummingbirds were killed to decorate fashionable hats. Hat-making was also the cause of the declining beaver numbers from 1638, as felt hats were made of beaver fur.

At the beginning of the 20th century people be­an to realize what has happened, and in 1903 national parks and bird havens were started. The use of pesticides and modem farming methods has added to the destruction, so in recent years, active steps have been taken to reestablish threatened species.

Exercise 1. Give the Ukrainian equivalents for the following words and word-combinations:

animal species, fur and feather trade, more effective weapons, vast herds, elimination of the bisons, to concentrate, plumes, to starve, millinery, fashionable hats, the declining beaver numbers, destruction.

Exercise 2. Replace the underlined pronouns in the sentences with the correct words given in the box.

bisons hummingbird beaver tern egret

1. It lives near the river and makes its home from the branches.

2. They live in the prairies and look like oxen.

3. It lives near the marsh and likes to eat frogs.

4. It lives in the Arctic.

5. It is the smallest bird on the Earth.

Exercise 3. Check facts and ideas. Decide if these statements are true or false.

1. North America became poor in animal species when explorers from Europe set up the fur and feather trade.

2. Bison were important for the Indians because they depended on them for food and skins.

3. By 1900 there were only 59 bison in Kansas.

4. The feather trade didn’t concentrate only on egrets.

5. Hat-making was also the cause of the declining beaver and birds numbers.

6. National parks and bird havens were started in 1913.

7. The use of pesticides and modern farming methods improved the environmental situation.

Exercise 4. Find sentences in the text that give information about:

a) the reason of killing the bison;

b) the way the white men treated the animals;

c) the factors which increased the number of deaths of egrets, arctic terns and hummingbirds;

d) the reason why the number of beavers declined after 1638;

e) the effect of modern farming methods on the life of animals.

Exercise 5. Try to explain the meaning of the expression “to kill two birds with one stone” and give its Ukrainian equivalent.

Exercise 6. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of verbs given in the box.

build depend disappear present make kill of

1. By the 20th century 70 or more species of animals …

2. When railways … in 1869 vast herds … in the west.

3. The Indians … on bison for food and skin in the last century.

4. About 6 billions … each year from illegal trade in wildlife and wildlife products.

5. Some specialists on the environmental problems … at the next conference.

Exercise 7. Put sentences from Exercise 6 interrogative form.

Exercise 8. Complete the gaps in the questions, using the superlative form of adjectives given in the box A and answer the questions using the word from the box B.

A –

small large deep shallow heavy dry high

B –

Hummingbird Erie Pacific Sahara Blue whale McKinley Amazon

1. What is … of the Great Lakes?

2. What is … bird on the Earth?

3. What is … ocean on the Earth?

4. What is … river in the world?

5. What is … place on the Earth?

6. What is … mountain in the USA?

7. What is … on the Earth?

Exercise 9. Put the questions in the correct order and use the answers to get summary of the text.

1. Why were arctic terns and hummingbirds killed?

2. Why were bison so important for the Indians?

3. How did the use of pesticides and modern farm­ing methods influence the life of the animals?

4. Why did the white men feel that they were kill­ing two birds with one stone eliminating the bison?

5. What was the cause of the destining beaver number from 1638?