- •4 И (англ)
- •Предисловие
- •Part I. Theory Unit I Phonetics as a science
- •Acoustic aspect of speech sounds
- •Articulatory and physiological aspect of speech sounds
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit II The phoneme theory
- •Phoneme as a functional, material and abstract linguistic unit
- •Different opinions in the nature of phoneme
- •Notation
- •Methods of phonological analysis
- •The system of English phonemes
- •English segmental phonemes in writing
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit III Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonants and vowels
- •Classification of English consonants
- •1. Manner of noise production and the type of obstruction.
- •2. The place of articulation.
- •3. The work of vocal cords.
- •4. Position of the soft palate.
- •Classification of English vowels
- •1. Stability of articulation.
- •2. Position of the tongue.
- •3. Position of the lips.
- •4. Degree of tenseness.
- •5. Length.
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit IV Modification of consonants and vowels in connected speech
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit V Syllable
- •Theories of syllable formation
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit VI Word stress
- •Disyllables
- •Polysyllables
- •Words with suffixes
- •1. Accent-attracting suffixes (suffixes carrying primary stress themselves).
- •3. Accent-fixing suffixes (suffixes that influence stress in the stem).
- •Prefixes and stress
- •2. Prefixes which have a distinct meaning of their own.
- •Compound words
- •I. The primary stress on the first element.
- •II. The primary stress on the second element.
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit VII Sentence stress
- •Strong and weak forms
- •Unstressed vocalism
- •Phonemic status of the “schwa” vowel
- •Speech melody (pitch)
- •The heads
- •3. The Low Level Head. Pre-nuclear stressed syllables pronounced on the low pitch level. The Low pitch level generally occurs before the low rise and the low fall. Tempo of speech
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit IX Phonetic styles
- •Intonational functional styles
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit X Territorial varieties of English language
- •Functional stylistics and dialectology
- •Varieties of the English language
- •English-based pronunciation standards of English
- •American-based pronunciation standards of English
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Несветайлова Ирина Валентиновна
1. Stability of articulation.
It is the principle of the stability of the shape, volume and the size of the mouth resonator.
Monophthongs – pronounced with the more or less stable lip, tongue and the mouth walls position [i, e, æ, α:, ɒ, ɔ:, ʊ, ʌ, з:, ə ].
Diphthongs – unisyllabic gliding sounds in the articulation of which the organs of speech start from one position and glide to the other position. The first element of a diphthong is the nucleus, the second is the glide.
A diphthong can be falling – when the nucleus is stronger than the glide, rising – when the glide is stronger than the nucleus. When both elements are equal such diphthongs are called level.
English diphthongs are falling. There are 8 diphthongs with the glide towards: 1) [i] – [ei], [ai], [ɔi]; 2) [υ ] – [aυ], [əυ]; 3) [ә ] – [iə],[eə], [υə].
Diphthongoid - diphthongized vowels [i:], [u:]. In the pronunciation of these vowels the organs of speech change their position very slightly.
2. Position of the tongue.
The bulk of the tongue conditions most of all the production of different vowels. It can move forward and backward, it may be raised and lowered in the mouth cavity.
a) According to horizontal movement they may be:
Front – articulated when the bulk of the tongue moves forward and its front part is raised highest towards the hard palate [i:, e, æ, e(i), e(ə)].
Front-retracted – produced with the front but a bit retracted position of the bulk of the tongue [i, i(ə)].
Central – formed by the central part of the tongue [ʌ, з:, ə, ə(υ)].
Back – formed with the bulk of the tongue in the back part of the mouth, when it is raised towards the junction between the hard and the soft parts of the palate [ɒ,ɔ:, u:, α:].
Back-advanced – formed with the back-advanced position of the bulk of the tongue [ʊ, υ(ə)].
b) According to vertical movement they may be: high (close) [i, ʊ]-[ i:, u:]; mid (half-open): [ə, ʌ]-[e, з:]; low (open): [æ, ɒ, α:]-[ ɔ:], which in their turn are subdivided into narrow and broad.
3. Position of the lips.
Rounded – the lips slightly rounded and protruded [ɔ:, ɒ, ʊ, u:].
Unrounded – the lips are spread and neutral [i:, i, e, æ, α:, ʌ].
4. Degree of tenseness.
The term “tenseness” was introduced by H. Sweet. Traditionally long vowels are defined as tense and short vowels as lax. Tense vowels are articulated with the muscles of the lips, tongue, cheeks and the back wall of the pharynx made harder by tensing. In the articulation of lax vowels the muscular tension of the tongue, lips, and the walls of the resonating cavities is not as great as in the articulation of tense vowels.
Some phoneticians suggest subdivide vowels according to the character of the end into checked and free. When the intensity of the vowel does not diminish towards its end, vowel is checked: all short vowels in stressed position.
When the intensity of the vowel decreases towards its end, the vowel is free. All long monophthongs, diphthongs in stressed position and short monophthongs in unstressed position are free. This principle of vowel classifications is not singled out by British and American phoneticians.