
- •4 И (англ)
- •Предисловие
- •Part I. Theory Unit I Phonetics as a science
- •Acoustic aspect of speech sounds
- •Articulatory and physiological aspect of speech sounds
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit II The phoneme theory
- •Phoneme as a functional, material and abstract linguistic unit
- •Different opinions in the nature of phoneme
- •Notation
- •Methods of phonological analysis
- •The system of English phonemes
- •English segmental phonemes in writing
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit III Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonants and vowels
- •Classification of English consonants
- •1. Manner of noise production and the type of obstruction.
- •2. The place of articulation.
- •3. The work of vocal cords.
- •4. Position of the soft palate.
- •Classification of English vowels
- •1. Stability of articulation.
- •2. Position of the tongue.
- •3. Position of the lips.
- •4. Degree of tenseness.
- •5. Length.
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit IV Modification of consonants and vowels in connected speech
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit V Syllable
- •Theories of syllable formation
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit VI Word stress
- •Disyllables
- •Polysyllables
- •Words with suffixes
- •1. Accent-attracting suffixes (suffixes carrying primary stress themselves).
- •3. Accent-fixing suffixes (suffixes that influence stress in the stem).
- •Prefixes and stress
- •2. Prefixes which have a distinct meaning of their own.
- •Compound words
- •I. The primary stress on the first element.
- •II. The primary stress on the second element.
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit VII Sentence stress
- •Strong and weak forms
- •Unstressed vocalism
- •Phonemic status of the “schwa” vowel
- •Speech melody (pitch)
- •The heads
- •3. The Low Level Head. Pre-nuclear stressed syllables pronounced on the low pitch level. The Low pitch level generally occurs before the low rise and the low fall. Tempo of speech
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit IX Phonetic styles
- •Intonational functional styles
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit X Territorial varieties of English language
- •Functional stylistics and dialectology
- •Varieties of the English language
- •English-based pronunciation standards of English
- •American-based pronunciation standards of English
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Несветайлова Ирина Валентиновна
American-based pronunciation standards of English
A.D. Shweitzer consideres the sociolinguistic situation in the United States is very complicated. It is moulded by certain linguistic, cultural, historic, demographic, geographic, political and other factors. The situation in the USA is characterized by some linguists as exoglossic. The formation of the American Standard underwent the influence of minorities’ languages, but its starting point was the English language of the early 17th century. American English has drifted considerably from English English though as yet not enough to give the learners ground to speak of two different languages. Thus it is the national variant of English in America.
USA English pronunciation is not at all homogeneous. There are three main types of cultivated speech are recognized: the Eastern type, the Southern type and Western type or General American.
The Eastern type is spoken in New England, and in New York city. It bears a remarkable resemblance to Southern English, though there are, of course, some slight differences.
The Southern type is used in the South and South-East of the USA. It possesses a striking distinctive feature – vowel drawl, which is a specific way of pronouncing vowels, consisting in the diphthongization and even triphthongization of some pure vowels and monophthongization of some diphthongs at the expense of prolonging (drawling) their nuclei and dropping the glides.
General American (GA), also known as Northern American or Western American spoken in the central Atlantic States: New York, New Jersey, Wisconsin and others. GA pronunciation is known to be the pronunciation standard of the USA. There are some reasons for it. GA is the form of speech used by the radio and television. It is mostly used in scientific, cultural and business intercourse. Also in two important business centres – New York and St. Louis GA is the prevailing form of speech and pronunciation, though New York is situated within the territory where Eastern American is spoken, and St. Louis is within the region of Southern American.
Glossary of phonetic terms
Accent – a distinctive way of pronouncing a language, especially one associated with a particular country, area, or social class.
Bilingualism –the ability to speak two languages equally well.
Dialect – a particular form of a language which is peculiar to a specific region or social group.
Dialectology – the branch of linguistics concerned with the study of dialects.
Diglossia – a linguistic duality in which the standard literary form of a language and one of its regional dialects are used by the same individual in different social situations.
Exoglossia – using of several languages on the same territory.
Idiolect – the individual speech of a member of a language community.
Social dialects – varieties used by a socially limited number of people.
Standard – a socially accepted variety of a language established by a codified norm of correctness.
Standard national pronunciation (literary pronunciation) – an orthoepic norm.
Stylistic variations – regional variations in the pronunciation of a language peculiar to different styles.
Contents
Предисловие…………………………………………………………………….. |
3 |
Part I. Theory. Unit I. Phonetics as a science……………………………………………………. |
4 |
Unit II. The phoneme theory…………………………………………………….. |
9 |
Unit III. Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonants and vowels……………………………………………………..……. |
15 |
Unit IV. Modification of consonants and vowels in connected speech………..... |
23 |
Unit V. Syllable………………………………………………………………….. |
28 |
Unit VI. Word stress……………………………………………………………... |
32 |
Unit VII. Sentence stress……………………………………………………….... |
40 |
Unit VII. Intonation…………………………………………………………….... |
43 |
Unit IX. Phonetic styles………………………………………………………..... |
51 |
Unit X. Territorial varieties of English language………………………………... |
53 |