- •4 И (англ)
- •Предисловие
- •Part I. Theory Unit I Phonetics as a science
- •Acoustic aspect of speech sounds
- •Articulatory and physiological aspect of speech sounds
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit II The phoneme theory
- •Phoneme as a functional, material and abstract linguistic unit
- •Different opinions in the nature of phoneme
- •Notation
- •Methods of phonological analysis
- •The system of English phonemes
- •English segmental phonemes in writing
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit III Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonants and vowels
- •Classification of English consonants
- •1. Manner of noise production and the type of obstruction.
- •2. The place of articulation.
- •3. The work of vocal cords.
- •4. Position of the soft palate.
- •Classification of English vowels
- •1. Stability of articulation.
- •2. Position of the tongue.
- •3. Position of the lips.
- •4. Degree of tenseness.
- •5. Length.
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit IV Modification of consonants and vowels in connected speech
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit V Syllable
- •Theories of syllable formation
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit VI Word stress
- •Disyllables
- •Polysyllables
- •Words with suffixes
- •1. Accent-attracting suffixes (suffixes carrying primary stress themselves).
- •3. Accent-fixing suffixes (suffixes that influence stress in the stem).
- •Prefixes and stress
- •2. Prefixes which have a distinct meaning of their own.
- •Compound words
- •I. The primary stress on the first element.
- •II. The primary stress on the second element.
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit VII Sentence stress
- •Strong and weak forms
- •Unstressed vocalism
- •Phonemic status of the “schwa” vowel
- •Speech melody (pitch)
- •The heads
- •3. The Low Level Head. Pre-nuclear stressed syllables pronounced on the low pitch level. The Low pitch level generally occurs before the low rise and the low fall. Tempo of speech
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit IX Phonetic styles
- •Intonational functional styles
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit X Territorial varieties of English language
- •Functional stylistics and dialectology
- •Varieties of the English language
- •English-based pronunciation standards of English
- •American-based pronunciation standards of English
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Несветайлова Ирина Валентиновна
Varieties of the English language
Over 1500 million people now speak English as first language. It is the national language of Great Britain, the USA, Australia, New Zealand and a part of Canada, South Africa.
The English language used in the world can be divided into:
Inner circle. English is the national variant in the country and a native language for the majority of population: Great Britain, USA, Canada Australia, New Zealand, South African Republic.
Outer circle. English is one of the official languages, so called ‘second language’ in former British colonies: India, Singapore, Thailand.
Expanding circle. English is widespread foreign language, studying at schools and higher educational establishments: Russia, China.
The peculiarity of the modern English language situation is that representatives of the outer and expanding circles, because of their numerical superiority, find it easier to communicate in English with each other, rather than with the representatives of the inner circle.
According to British dialectologists P. Trudgill, J. Hannah, A. Hughes and others the following variants of English are referred to the English-based group: English English, Welsh English, Australian English, New Zealand English. To the American-based group: United States English, Canadian English. Scottish English and Irish English fall somewhere between the two, being somewhat by themselves.
The variants of the English language spoken in the UK and the USA have very much in common, but they differ from Standard English in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. The variants of a national language should not be confused with its regional types.
English-based pronunciation standards of English
British English Pronunciation Standards (BEPS and Accents) are: English English (ЕЕ), Welsh English (WE), Scottish English (SE), Northern Ireland English (NIE).
In the USA the regional types are: the Eastern type, the Southern type, the General American type (Northern, Western, Midwestern, Central Western).
Regional variations in the pronunciation of a language peculiar to different styles are called stylistic variations. Stylistic variations are manifested in full style which is characteristic of distinct speech and colloquial style characteristic of familiar talk.
The teaching norm accepted in the British Isles and the former British colonies is Received Pronunciation (RP). Sometimes it is called Standard English pronunciation and Public School Pronunciation.
H.C. Gimson considers it is possible to single out within the British English two pronunciation types:
1. Regional (educated, popular and modified). Educated and popular Regional English are not influenced by RP. Modified Regional English may have some RP characteristics.
2. Received (conservative, general and advanced).The conservative form of RP is used by the older generation. General Received English is adopted by BBC. Advanced RP is used by young people of exclusive social groups and in certain professional circles for prestige value.