- •4 И (англ)
- •Предисловие
- •Part I. Theory Unit I Phonetics as a science
- •Acoustic aspect of speech sounds
- •Articulatory and physiological aspect of speech sounds
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit II The phoneme theory
- •Phoneme as a functional, material and abstract linguistic unit
- •Different opinions in the nature of phoneme
- •Notation
- •Methods of phonological analysis
- •The system of English phonemes
- •English segmental phonemes in writing
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit III Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonants and vowels
- •Classification of English consonants
- •1. Manner of noise production and the type of obstruction.
- •2. The place of articulation.
- •3. The work of vocal cords.
- •4. Position of the soft palate.
- •Classification of English vowels
- •1. Stability of articulation.
- •2. Position of the tongue.
- •3. Position of the lips.
- •4. Degree of tenseness.
- •5. Length.
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit IV Modification of consonants and vowels in connected speech
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit V Syllable
- •Theories of syllable formation
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit VI Word stress
- •Disyllables
- •Polysyllables
- •Words with suffixes
- •1. Accent-attracting suffixes (suffixes carrying primary stress themselves).
- •3. Accent-fixing suffixes (suffixes that influence stress in the stem).
- •Prefixes and stress
- •2. Prefixes which have a distinct meaning of their own.
- •Compound words
- •I. The primary stress on the first element.
- •II. The primary stress on the second element.
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit VII Sentence stress
- •Strong and weak forms
- •Unstressed vocalism
- •Phonemic status of the “schwa” vowel
- •Speech melody (pitch)
- •The heads
- •3. The Low Level Head. Pre-nuclear stressed syllables pronounced on the low pitch level. The Low pitch level generally occurs before the low rise and the low fall. Tempo of speech
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit IX Phonetic styles
- •Intonational functional styles
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit X Territorial varieties of English language
- •Functional stylistics and dialectology
- •Varieties of the English language
- •English-based pronunciation standards of English
- •American-based pronunciation standards of English
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Несветайлова Ирина Валентиновна
Intonational functional styles
One of the objectives of phonostylistics is the study of intonational functional styles. Standard English in the course of its development has evolved а number of functional styles, both phonetic and verbal.
Informational (formal) style occurs in formal discourse where the task set by the sender of the message is to communicate information without giving it any emotional or volitional evaluation. This style is used by radio and television announcers when reading weather forecasts, news, etc. or in various official situations. It is considered to be stylistically neutral.
Scientific (academic) style. The speaker’s purpose is not only to prove a hypothesis, to create new concepts, to disclose relations between different phenomena, but also to direct the listener’s attention to the message carried in the semantic component. Although this style tends to be objective and precise, it is not entirely unemotional and devoid of any individuality. Scientific style is frequently used by university lecturers, school teachers, or by scientists in formal and informal discussions.
Declamatory style. The speaker’s aim is to appeal simultaneously to the mind, the will and feelings of the listener by image-bearing devices. Declamatory style is generally acquired by special training and it is used, for instance, in stage speech, classroom recitation, verse-speaking or in reading aloud fiction.
Publicistic style. The general aim is to exert influence on the listener, to convince him that the speaker’s interpretation is the only correct one and to cause him to accept the point of view expressed in the speech. The task is accomplished not merely through logical argumentation but through persuasion and emotional appeal. Publicistic style has features in common with scientific and declamatory style. Publicistic style is used by political speech-makers, radio and television commentators, participants of press conferences and interviews, counsel and judges in courts of law, etc.
Familiar (conversational) style is typical of the English of everyday life. It occurs both within a family group and in informal external relationships, in the speech of intimate friends or well-acquainted people.
Analysis of most varieties of English speech shows that the intonational styles in question occur alternately (fusion of styles). For example, a university lecturer can make use of both scientific style (definitions, presentation of scientific facts) and declamatory style (an image-bearing illustration of these definitions and facts).
As far as the number of participants involved in communication is concerned, speech may be public and non-public. From the character of participants’ relationship viewpoint there are formal and informal types of speech.
Glossary of phonetic terms
Discourse (register) – a connected series of utterances; a text or conversation.
Functional style – a functional set of formal patterns into which language means are arranged in order to transmit information.
Functional stylistics – the branch of linguistics concerned with the problems of functional styles.
Intonational style – a system of interrelated intonational means which is used in a certain social sphere and serves a definite aim in communication.
Phonostylistics overlaps with functional stylistics, but there is no simple correspondence between functional and phonetic styles.