- •4 И (англ)
- •Предисловие
- •Part I. Theory Unit I Phonetics as a science
- •Acoustic aspect of speech sounds
- •Articulatory and physiological aspect of speech sounds
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit II The phoneme theory
- •Phoneme as a functional, material and abstract linguistic unit
- •Different opinions in the nature of phoneme
- •Notation
- •Methods of phonological analysis
- •The system of English phonemes
- •English segmental phonemes in writing
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit III Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonants and vowels
- •Classification of English consonants
- •1. Manner of noise production and the type of obstruction.
- •2. The place of articulation.
- •3. The work of vocal cords.
- •4. Position of the soft palate.
- •Classification of English vowels
- •1. Stability of articulation.
- •2. Position of the tongue.
- •3. Position of the lips.
- •4. Degree of tenseness.
- •5. Length.
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit IV Modification of consonants and vowels in connected speech
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit V Syllable
- •Theories of syllable formation
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit VI Word stress
- •Disyllables
- •Polysyllables
- •Words with suffixes
- •1. Accent-attracting suffixes (suffixes carrying primary stress themselves).
- •3. Accent-fixing suffixes (suffixes that influence stress in the stem).
- •Prefixes and stress
- •2. Prefixes which have a distinct meaning of their own.
- •Compound words
- •I. The primary stress on the first element.
- •II. The primary stress on the second element.
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit VII Sentence stress
- •Strong and weak forms
- •Unstressed vocalism
- •Phonemic status of the “schwa” vowel
- •Speech melody (pitch)
- •The heads
- •3. The Low Level Head. Pre-nuclear stressed syllables pronounced on the low pitch level. The Low pitch level generally occurs before the low rise and the low fall. Tempo of speech
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit IX Phonetic styles
- •Intonational functional styles
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit X Territorial varieties of English language
- •Functional stylistics and dialectology
- •Varieties of the English language
- •English-based pronunciation standards of English
- •American-based pronunciation standards of English
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Несветайлова Ирина Валентиновна
Glossary of phonetic terms
Attitudinal function – this function is performed by intonation when the speaker expresses his attitude to what he is saying by intonation alone.
Communicative centre – is a word or a group of words which conveys the most important point of communication in the sense-group or sentence.
Fall – the lowering of the voice pitch within a stressed syllable.
Highlighted word – the stressed syllables of the word stand out in pitch.
Intonation group – an actualized sense group.
Intoneme – a phonological unit created by two or more components of intonation, or by a combination of various types of tonemes or accentemes.
Melody – changes in the voice pitch in the process of speech.
Nucleus of a sense-group – the last stressed syllable of a sense-group.
Pause – a short period of time when sound stops before starting again. Pauses are not obligatory between sense- groups and obligatory between sentences.
Pitch – the degree of highness or lowness varying with the number of vibrations of a note.
Pre-nucleus – the syllables which precede the nucleus in short intonation groups where there is no head.
Rhythmic Stress – the term refers to the cases when there are equal number of unstressed syllables between two beats.
Staves – two parallel lines for intonation recording.
Temporal component of intonation consists of pauses, duration, rhythm.
Timbre (tamber) – the quality of a musical sound, depending on what overtones are present and their respective amplitudes.
Tonic accent – main stress of a sentence.
Tonogram – graphic representation of intonation.
Unit IX Phonetic styles
1. Phonostylistics as a branch of linguistics.
2. Intonational functional styles
a) Informational (formal) style.
b) Scientific (academic) style.
c) Declamatory style.
d) Publicistic style.
e) Familiar (conversational) style.
Language is not an isolated phenomenon; it is a part of society. Much of what people say depends on the situation they are in. There are regular patterns of variation in language, called styles.
There exist various classifications of functional styles, the most commonly used terms are: scientific style, publicistic style, business style, belles-lettres style and colloquial style. Oral speech has its own specific characteristics. The sets of phonetic style-forming features do not correspond to functional styles.
Phonostylistics studies the way phonetic means are used in this or that particular situation which exercises the conditioning influence of a set of factors which are referred to as extralinguistic.
The aim of phonostylistics is to analyze all possible kinds of spoken utterances with the main purpose of identifying the phonetic features, both segmental and suprasegmental, which are restricted to certain kinds of contexts, to explain why such features have been used and to classify them into categories based upon a view of their function.
Factors which result in phonostylistic varieties are: a) the purpose (the aim) of the utterance; b) the speaker’s attitude; c) the form of communication; d) the degree of formality; e) the degree of spontaneity (the degree of preparedness) or the reference of the oral text to a written one.