- •4 И (англ)
- •Предисловие
- •Part I. Theory Unit I Phonetics as a science
- •Acoustic aspect of speech sounds
- •Articulatory and physiological aspect of speech sounds
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit II The phoneme theory
- •Phoneme as a functional, material and abstract linguistic unit
- •Different opinions in the nature of phoneme
- •Notation
- •Methods of phonological analysis
- •The system of English phonemes
- •English segmental phonemes in writing
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit III Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonants and vowels
- •Classification of English consonants
- •1. Manner of noise production and the type of obstruction.
- •2. The place of articulation.
- •3. The work of vocal cords.
- •4. Position of the soft palate.
- •Classification of English vowels
- •1. Stability of articulation.
- •2. Position of the tongue.
- •3. Position of the lips.
- •4. Degree of tenseness.
- •5. Length.
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit IV Modification of consonants and vowels in connected speech
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit V Syllable
- •Theories of syllable formation
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit VI Word stress
- •Disyllables
- •Polysyllables
- •Words with suffixes
- •1. Accent-attracting suffixes (suffixes carrying primary stress themselves).
- •3. Accent-fixing suffixes (suffixes that influence stress in the stem).
- •Prefixes and stress
- •2. Prefixes which have a distinct meaning of their own.
- •Compound words
- •I. The primary stress on the first element.
- •II. The primary stress on the second element.
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit VII Sentence stress
- •Strong and weak forms
- •Unstressed vocalism
- •Phonemic status of the “schwa” vowel
- •Speech melody (pitch)
- •The heads
- •3. The Low Level Head. Pre-nuclear stressed syllables pronounced on the low pitch level. The Low pitch level generally occurs before the low rise and the low fall. Tempo of speech
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit IX Phonetic styles
- •Intonational functional styles
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit X Territorial varieties of English language
- •Functional stylistics and dialectology
- •Varieties of the English language
- •English-based pronunciation standards of English
- •American-based pronunciation standards of English
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Несветайлова Ирина Валентиновна
II. The primary stress on the second element.
The primary stress on the second element in nouns is very rare: country house.
1. The primary stress falls on the second element in compounds with an adjectival first element and the -ed morpheme at the end: bad-tempered.
2. Compounds in which the first element is a number in some form also tend to have final stress: second-class.
3. Compounds functioning as adverbs are usually final-stressed: North-East.
4. Compounds which function as verbs and have adverbial first element take final stress: to ill-treat.
Glossary of phonetic terms
Antepenultimate stress – in polysyllabic words falls on the 3 syllable from the end.
Double stress – two stresses within one and the same word.
Dynamic accent – force accent based mainly on the expiratory effort.
Enclitic – unstressed word or syllable, which refers to the preceding stressed word or syllable. Together with the stressed word enclitics form one phonetic unit: may be (be is enclitic).
Free accentual (interdiolectal) variants – variants of individual pronunciation: 'hospitable – hos'pitable.
Penultimate – the last but one syllable.
Pre-tonic stress – secondary stress is defined as pre-tonic.
Post-tonic stress – tertiary stress is defined as post-tonic.
Proclitic – a monosyllabic word or particle with no accent of its own, which is pronounced with the following pre-tonic or accented syllable as one phonetic unit (articles before nouns, the particle to before verbs in the infinitive, or cases like for’give, be’gin).
Secondary accent – appears in words of five or more syllables. It falls on the second pre-tonic syllable: ,hospi'tality.
Tertiary stress – post-tonic stress. In General American also affects suffixes -ary, -ory, -ony of nouns and -ate, -ize, -y of verbs which are considered unstressed in RP: ’ 'terri,tory, 'demonst,rate.
Unit VII Sentence stress
1. The nature and kinds of stress.
2. General principles of word stress.
3. Strong forms and weak forms.
4. Unstressed vocalism.
5. Phonological status of the “schwa” vowel.
Sentence accent – is a constituent part of the phonetic structure of the spoken sentence and one of the components of intonation in the broad sense of the term (prosodation or prosodization).
By word, or sentence stress is understood the manner in which a given syllable (word) is singled out from among the other syllables (words). A significant difference between word stress and sentence stress lies in the fact, that words with a single stress often lose it completely when used in a sentence.
The process of singling out of syllables (words) is the result of several features.
1. A stressed syllable always has full, strong pronunciation, it is never weak unreduced vowel, or a weak, reduced one.
2. A stressed syllable is pronounced more forcefully, with greater energy.
3. The main feature of English stress is the rhythmic quality. It lies in the fact that within any unbroken utterance (word, phrase, clause, sentence) the stressed syllables occur at regular intervals as possible, while unstressed syllables, occurring irregularly, squeeze in between the stressed syllables, which come at a measured rate.
Sentence stress – the greater degree of prominence given to certain words in a sentence: nouns, adjectives, notional verbs, adverbs, interjections, numerals, demonstrative, possessive, emphasizing pronouns, interrogative words, two-syllable prepositions. The distribution of sentence stress is determined by the semantic factor.