3. Accent-fixing suffixes (suffixes that influence stress in the stem).

-graphy – photo-photography;	-itive – infinite-infinitive;
-ity – stable-stability;	-ic(al) – climat-climatic.

Exceptions: heretic, catholic, lunatic, Arabic, arithmetic, rhetoric.

Prefixes and stress

1. Prefixes which have lost their meaning and don’t affect the placement of stress: re-; en-; ex-; be-; pre-; pro-; con-; for-; de-; dis-; mis-; a+consonant: afford, attack, attract, adore, accept; o+consonant: occure, offend, obtain.

2. Prefixes which have a distinct meaning of their own.

un-	negative	inter-	among
in-	negative	over-	too much
mis-	negative	ultra-	utmost
ex-	former	arch-	chief
vice-	in place of	sub-	subordinate
under-	subordination

Compound words

Words composed of separable root morphemes – compounds. Among compound words we find: 1) compound nouns: sunflower; 2) compound adjectives: good-looking; 3) compound verbs: put off; 4) compound adverbs: outside; 5) compound numerals: thirty-two, thirteen.

Compound words can be represented by one word, two words, or two words written with a hyphen, but it is necessary that they should contain two separable roots.

There are compounds in English which have two strong stresses, because both of their elements are semantically important. They are:

1) Words with prefixes which have their own meaning: rewrite, underdo, vice-president, overbuild, ultra-fashionable.

2) Compound adjectives such as: well-known, double-stressed, evil-looking.

3) Verbs consisting of a verb and a postpositional element of adverbial origin, which is semantically important: to get up.

Compound adjectives, verbs, numerals, adverbs generally have two stresses one of which can be lost in connected speech under the influence of rhythm.

Among compounds only compound nouns pose a problem.

I. The primary stress on the first element.

In the majority of compound nouns the primary stress is on the first element: suitcase.

But if the second element is disyllabic or polysyllabic it may get a secondary stress: grass-hopper, post-office, oil-company.

1. There are a number of words in English which hardly ever get stressed in compounds:

company	oil-company		service	bus service
party	birthday party		station	railway station
tree	apple tree		system	heating system
player	football-player		case	briefcase
match	football-match		man	postman
cake	almond cake		office	post-office
juice	lemon juice		street	oxford street
water	mineral water

2. The primary stress on the first element differentiates compound nouns from free word combination, in which every word has a primary stress: blackshirt фашист (compound noun); a black shirt черная рубашка (free collocation).

3. When two nouns make up a unit that can be explained as ‘something made of something’ both nouns have primary stresses: a paper bag (a bag made of a paper).

4. When two nouns make up a unit that can be described as ‘something used for function, purpose of something’ the primary stress is on the first element: a tea cup (a cup of tea).

5. When two words make up a unit where ‘the first element is a kind of direct object to the second element’, the primary stress is on the first element: a hair drier (to dry hair).

6. When a noun is qualified by a Gerund, it has one primary stress on the latter ‘for’ relations: a writing desk (a desk for writing), a bathing-suit (a suit for bathing), a dressing-room (a room for bating) in comparison with participial adjectives where both elements are stressed: a dying man a galloping horse.

7. Nouns formed from phrasal verbs, as a rule, have one primary stress on the first element: make up – a make-up; set up – a set up.

8. Compounds of three elements show instability: a hot-‘water-bottle, but ‘crime prevention ,officer.

9. “Even-stressed” compounds are comparatively rare. In such compounds both elements are equally important: top hat, headmaster.