- •4 И (англ)
- •Предисловие
- •Part I. Theory Unit I Phonetics as a science
- •Acoustic aspect of speech sounds
- •Articulatory and physiological aspect of speech sounds
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit II The phoneme theory
- •Phoneme as a functional, material and abstract linguistic unit
- •Different opinions in the nature of phoneme
- •Notation
- •Methods of phonological analysis
- •The system of English phonemes
- •English segmental phonemes in writing
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit III Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonants and vowels
- •Classification of English consonants
- •1. Manner of noise production and the type of obstruction.
- •2. The place of articulation.
- •3. The work of vocal cords.
- •4. Position of the soft palate.
- •Classification of English vowels
- •1. Stability of articulation.
- •2. Position of the tongue.
- •3. Position of the lips.
- •4. Degree of tenseness.
- •5. Length.
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit IV Modification of consonants and vowels in connected speech
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit V Syllable
- •Theories of syllable formation
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit VI Word stress
- •Disyllables
- •Polysyllables
- •Words with suffixes
- •1. Accent-attracting suffixes (suffixes carrying primary stress themselves).
- •3. Accent-fixing suffixes (suffixes that influence stress in the stem).
- •Prefixes and stress
- •2. Prefixes which have a distinct meaning of their own.
- •Compound words
- •I. The primary stress on the first element.
- •II. The primary stress on the second element.
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit VII Sentence stress
- •Strong and weak forms
- •Unstressed vocalism
- •Phonemic status of the “schwa” vowel
- •Speech melody (pitch)
- •The heads
- •3. The Low Level Head. Pre-nuclear stressed syllables pronounced on the low pitch level. The Low pitch level generally occurs before the low rise and the low fall. Tempo of speech
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit IX Phonetic styles
- •Intonational functional styles
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Unit X Territorial varieties of English language
- •Functional stylistics and dialectology
- •Varieties of the English language
- •English-based pronunciation standards of English
- •American-based pronunciation standards of English
- •Glossary of phonetic terms
- •Несветайлова Ирина Валентиновна
И.В. Несветайлова
Theory and Practice
of
English Phonetics
4 И (англ)
81.43-21
И-33
Рецензенты:
кандидат филологических наук, доцент Сердюкова Н.М.;
кандидат филологических наук, доцент Радина Е.М.
Несветайлова И.В.
Theory and Practice of English Phonetics: Учебно-методическое пособие по теоретической фонетике английского языка – изд. 4-е доп. / И.В. Несветайлова. – Армавир, 2012. – 97 c.
Учебно-методическое пособие по теоретической фонетике английского языка “Theory and Practice of English Phonetics” предназначенo для студентов старших курсов очной и заочной форм обучения факультетов иностранных языков. Учебно-методическое пособие содержит материал, способствующий расширению и закреплению теоретических знаний фонетики современного английского языка.
© Несветайлова И.В., 2005, 2006, 2007, 2012
Предисловие
Учебно-методическое пособие разработано в соответствии с Программой по курсу «Теоретическая фонетика английского языка» и состоит из разделов, тематически охватывающих курс лекций.
Каждый раздел первой части пособия состоит из лекций, представленных в виде тезисов и глоссария основной фонетической терминологии с развернутым определением. Во втором разделе пособия каждое практическое занятие снабжено вопросами для контроля и самоконтроля студентов, письменных упражнений на транскрибирование и интонирование. Каждый раздел завершается списком рекомендуемой литературы для самостоятельной подготовки студентов.
Целью пособия является обобщение и углубление знаний студентов в фонетическом строе современного английского языка, развитие навыков самостоятельной работы студентов со специальной литературой и словарями.
Пособие предназначено для студентов очного и заочного отделения факультетов иностранных языков для работы как в аудитории под руководством преподавателя, так и для самостоятельной работы.
Part I. Theory Unit I Phonetics as a science
1. Subject-matter of phonetics.
2. Phonetics and phonology.
3. Branches of phonetics and methods used in them.
4. Connection of phonetics with non-linguistic sciences.
5. Connection of phonetics with linguistic sciences.
6. Acoustic aspect of speech sounds.
7. Articulatory and physiological aspect of speech sounds.
Phonetics studies the noises, produced by a human vocal apparatus, studies the nature of these noises their combinations. It studies the sound matter of the language – segmental phonemes, word stress, syllabic structure and intonation, its semantic functions and the lines of development.
Phonetics studies sounds as articulatory and acoustic units.
Phonology investigates sounds as units which serve people for communicative purposes. It is functional phonetics and investigates the functional side of phonemes, accent, syllable and intonation. Both phonetics and phonology are closely connected. In linguistics, function means discriminatory function – the role of the language elements in the distinguishing of one sequence of sounds from another of different meaning.
There are three branches of phonetics.
Articulatory phonetics deals with the description and classification of speech sounds articulated by speech apparatus.
Acoustic phonetics deals with physical properties of sounds.
Auditory phonetics investigates the hearing process.
The connection of phonetics with non-linguistic sciences.
Psycholinguistics (Psychophonetics) – the study of the relationships between linguistic behaviour and psychological processes, including the process of language acquisition.
Sociolinguistics (Sociophonetics) – the study of language in relation to social factors, including differences of regional, class, and occupational dialect, gender differences, and bilingualism.
The connection of phonetics with linguistic sciences (grammar, lexicology and stylistics) is exercised via orthography which in its turn is closely connected with phonetics. Phonetics formulates the rules of pronunciation of separate sounds and sound combinations.
The rules of reading are based on the relation of sounds to the orthography.
The interpretation of the rules of reading cannot be done without a good command of phonetics. This fact makes grammar and lexicology dependent on phonetics.
Grammar. 1. Morphology. Through the system of rules of reading phonetics helps to pronounce correctly endings -s (-es) of plural forms of nouns, the 3d person singular in Present Simple, Possessive Case: [s] – book-books; [z] – bag-bags; [iz] – box-boxes; the past tense forms and past participles of English regular verbs: [t] – wish-wished; [d] – beg-begged; [id] – want-wanted.
Consonant and vowel interchange helps to differentiate singular and plural forms of nouns: [f-v] – calf-calves; [s-z] – house-houses; [0-ð] – bath-baths; man-men; basis-bases, the tense forms of irregular verbs: sing-sang-sung.
2. Syntax. Intonation can serve to single out the logical predicate of the sentence: We came to London (Who?); We came to London (Did we come?); We came to London (Where?). In affirmative sentences the rising nuclear tone serves to show that it is interrogation: We came to London. We came to London?
Lexicology. Different parts of speech can be formed with the help of vowel and consonant interchange: zeal-zealous, breath-breathe.
Due to the presence of stress or accent in the right place we can distinguish certain nouns from verbs: abstract-to abstract.
Homographs can be differentiated only due to pronunciation: wind (ветер)-wind (виток).
Due to the position of word accent we can distinguish between homonymous words, word groups and free collocations: blackbird (дрозд)-black bird (черная птица).
Phonetics distinguishes the sounding form of borrowings, accentual structure and sounding: Бородино-ˌBoro`dino.
Stylistics. The connection of phonetics with stylistics can be traced through intonation and its components: speech melody, word accent, rhythm, pausation and voice timber. Very often the writer helps the reader to interpret his ideas through special words and remarks: angrily, gently, a pause.
Phonetics is connected with stylistics through repetition of words, phrases and sounds. The theory of sound symbolism is based on the assumption that separate sounds due to their articulatory and acoustic properties may awake certain ideas, perceptions, feelings, images. For example [fl] associates with quick movement: fly, flee, flood; [sk] associates with scraping sounds: scream, scratch.
In poetry one cannot help feeling that the arrangement of sounds carries a definite aesthetic function. Such notions as harmony, euphony, rhythm and other sound phenomena undoubtedly are not indifferent to the general effect produced by a verbal chain.
Onomatopoeia is a combination of speech sounds which aims at imitating sounds produced in nature (wind, sea, thunder, etc.), by things (machines or tools, etc.), by people (sighing, laughter, patter of feet, etc.), by animals. There are two varieties of onomatopoeia: direct and indirect. Direct onomatopoeia is contained in words that imitate natural sounds: ding-dong, bang, cuckoo, mew, ping-pong, roar and the like. Indirect onomatopoeia is a combination of sounds the aim of which is to make the sound of the utterance an echo of its sense. It is sometimes called “echo-writing”: rat-tat.
Repetition of words, phrases and sounds serves the bases of rhythm, rhyme and alliteration. Regular recurrence of accented elements, or rhythm, may be used as a special device both in poetry and in prose.
Alliteration – the repetition of identical or similar sounds helps to impart a melodic effect to the utterance and to express certain emotions. The essence of this device lies in the repetition of similar sounds, in particular consonant sounds, in close succession, particularly at the beginning of successive words.
Euphony – harmonious combination of sounds that create a pleasing effect to the ear.
Rhyme is the repetition of identical or similar terminal sound combinations of words. Rhyming words are generally placed at the regular distance from each other. In verse they are usually placed at the end f the corresponding lines.