- •The subject of theoretical grammar, it’s purpose..
- •The grammatical structure of English language.
- •Morphology and syntax as two main parts of grammar.
- •Language as a system and structure. Levels
- •Systemic relations in language. Syntagmatic relations.
- •Systemic relations in language. Paradigmatic relations.
- •Linguistic units and their peculiarities.
- •The morphemic structure of the word as a language unit.
- •The word as the smallest naming unit and the main unit of morphology.
- •Lexical and grammatical aspects of the word. Types of grammatical meanings
- •Explicit grammatical categories.Implicit lexico-grammatical categories. Types and kinds of oppositions
- •Parts of speech. Different approaches to the system of parts of speech in Modem English.
- •Criteria for classification of words into parts of speech in Modem English: semantic, formal and functional. Notional and functional parts of speech
- •The Noun as a part of speech, its grammatical categories. The category of number and its peculiarities in Modem English.
- •The category of case. Different approaches to the category of case in Modem English
- •The problem of gender in English. Personal pronouns as gender indicators of nouns.
- •The Adjective as a part of speech. Problems concerning the category of degrees of comparison in Modem English.The Stative.
- •Substuntivisation of adjectives and adjectivization of nouns
- •The Verb. Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. The category of finitude
- •The Verb. The category of tense. The problem of existence of morphological future tense
- •21. The Verb.The category of aspect. Aspect opposition
- •22. The category of voice and its peculiarities in English
- •The problem of so-called Reflexive, Reciprocal and Middle voice in Modern English
- •The category of mood. The problem of mood opposition. Mood and modality
- •25. The verb. The category of person and number.
- •26. The Perfect forms in Modern English. Divergent views concerning the essence of the Perfect forms.
- •27. Syntax as a part of grammar. The main concepts of syntax.
- •28. Basic syntactic notions: syntactic units, syntactic relations, syntactic connections.
- •29. The phrase and the problem of its definition. The main distinctive features of the phrase as compared with those of the word and the sentence.
- •30. Nominal word combinations. Noun phrase with pre-posed and post-posed adjuncts.
- •31. Verbal word combinations. Types of verbal complements
- •32. Means of expressing syntactical relations between the components of subordinate phrases
- •33. The sentence and the problem of its definitions. The main essential features of the sentence. Implicit predication.
- •34. Classification of sentence acc. To the purpose of utterance and acc. To their structure. Two- member and one-member sentences.
- •35. Simple sentence. Principle, secondary and detached parts of the sent.
- •36. The utterance. Informative structure of the utterance.The theme and the rheme.
- •37. The utterance. Communicative and pragmatic types of utterances.
- •38. The composite sentence and the problem of coordination and subordination.
- •39. The criteria for classification of subordinate clauses.
- •SubjectandPredicateClauses:
- •2. Object Clauses:
- •3. Attributive Clauses
- •40. Text as a syntactic unit. Coherence, cohesion and deixis as the main features of the text.
- •41. Textual connective devices. Reiterations, collocation, endophoric relations.
- •42.Pragmatic approach to the study of language units.
- •43. Speech Act Theory. Classifications of speech acts.
- •According to their origin:
- •According to their function:
- •Classification
- •44. Indirect speech acts.
41. Textual connective devices. Reiterations, collocation, endophoric relations.
Reiteration – the repetition of the same lexical item + the occurrence of a related item.
Collocation. In corpus linguistics, a collocation is a sequence of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. In phraseology, collocation is a sub-type of phraseme. An example of a phraseological collocation, as propounded by Michael Halliday, is the expression strong tea. While the same meaning could be conveyed by the roughly equivalent *powerful tea, this expression is considered incorrect by English speakers. Conversely, the corresponding expression for computer, powerful computers is preferred over *strong computers. Phraseological collocations should not be confused with idioms, where meaning is derived, whereas collocations are mostly compositional. There are about six main types of collocations: adjective+noun, noun+noun (such as collective nouns), verb+noun, adverb+adjective, verbs+prepositional phrase (phrasal verbs), and verb+adverb.
Endophoric relations.
REFERENCE realized by nouns, determiners, personal and demonstrative pronouns or adverbs
EXOPHORA (points out of the text to a real world item) Ex.: Can you see that?
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ENDOPHORA (refers to an item within the text)
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42.Pragmatic approach to the study of language units.
Describing the ways in which sentences are formed, many scholars make reference to meaning and how sentences express it. The analysis of meaning is treated as divisible into two major domains: semantics and pragmatics. Semantics deals with the sense conventionally I assigned to sentences independently of the contexts in which they might be uttered. Pragmatics deals with the way in which utterances are interpreted in context and the ways in which the utterance of a particular sentence in a certain context may convey a message that is not actually expressed in the sentence and in other contexts might not have been conveyed. PRAGMATICS is concerned not with the meaning of sentences as units of the language system but with the interpretation of utterances in context.
43. Speech Act Theory. Classifications of speech acts.
A SPEECH ACT (SA) is the production of a sentence, ‘sentence representative’, or sentencoid under certain conditions. Linguists generally regard a speech act as a basic minimal unit of PRAGMATIC analysis.
CRITERIA FOR SPEECH ACT CLASSIFICATIONS
According to their origin:
primary (or natural) speech acts are necessary for any kind of human interaction.
secondary (or institutional) speech acts are specific for a certain institution, for example, for school instruction, courtroom investigation, political debate, commercial advertising, etc.
Institutions can bring into life new types of speech acts, for example, the giving of a verdict, the opening of a meeting, etc. On the other hand, institutions can modify primary speech acts. Thus, an examination question is different from a question in everyday communication.