- •The subject of theoretical grammar, it’s purpose..
- •The grammatical structure of English language.
- •Morphology and syntax as two main parts of grammar.
- •Language as a system and structure. Levels
- •Systemic relations in language. Syntagmatic relations.
- •Systemic relations in language. Paradigmatic relations.
- •Linguistic units and their peculiarities.
- •The morphemic structure of the word as a language unit.
- •The word as the smallest naming unit and the main unit of morphology.
- •Lexical and grammatical aspects of the word. Types of grammatical meanings
- •Explicit grammatical categories.Implicit lexico-grammatical categories. Types and kinds of oppositions
- •Parts of speech. Different approaches to the system of parts of speech in Modem English.
- •Criteria for classification of words into parts of speech in Modem English: semantic, formal and functional. Notional and functional parts of speech
- •The Noun as a part of speech, its grammatical categories. The category of number and its peculiarities in Modem English.
- •The category of case. Different approaches to the category of case in Modem English
- •The problem of gender in English. Personal pronouns as gender indicators of nouns.
- •The Adjective as a part of speech. Problems concerning the category of degrees of comparison in Modem English.The Stative.
- •Substuntivisation of adjectives and adjectivization of nouns
- •The Verb. Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. The category of finitude
- •The Verb. The category of tense. The problem of existence of morphological future tense
- •21. The Verb.The category of aspect. Aspect opposition
- •22. The category of voice and its peculiarities in English
- •The problem of so-called Reflexive, Reciprocal and Middle voice in Modern English
- •The category of mood. The problem of mood opposition. Mood and modality
- •25. The verb. The category of person and number.
- •26. The Perfect forms in Modern English. Divergent views concerning the essence of the Perfect forms.
- •27. Syntax as a part of grammar. The main concepts of syntax.
- •28. Basic syntactic notions: syntactic units, syntactic relations, syntactic connections.
- •29. The phrase and the problem of its definition. The main distinctive features of the phrase as compared with those of the word and the sentence.
- •30. Nominal word combinations. Noun phrase with pre-posed and post-posed adjuncts.
- •31. Verbal word combinations. Types of verbal complements
- •32. Means of expressing syntactical relations between the components of subordinate phrases
- •33. The sentence and the problem of its definitions. The main essential features of the sentence. Implicit predication.
- •34. Classification of sentence acc. To the purpose of utterance and acc. To their structure. Two- member and one-member sentences.
- •35. Simple sentence. Principle, secondary and detached parts of the sent.
- •36. The utterance. Informative structure of the utterance.The theme and the rheme.
- •37. The utterance. Communicative and pragmatic types of utterances.
- •38. The composite sentence and the problem of coordination and subordination.
- •39. The criteria for classification of subordinate clauses.
- •SubjectandPredicateClauses:
- •2. Object Clauses:
- •3. Attributive Clauses
- •40. Text as a syntactic unit. Coherence, cohesion and deixis as the main features of the text.
- •41. Textual connective devices. Reiterations, collocation, endophoric relations.
- •42.Pragmatic approach to the study of language units.
- •43. Speech Act Theory. Classifications of speech acts.
- •According to their origin:
- •According to their function:
- •Classification
- •44. Indirect speech acts.
The category of mood. The problem of mood opposition. Mood and modality
The category of mood expresses the relation of the action to reality. Mood can be real and unreal. Real are expressed by the Indicative Mood, e.g.: I go to university. Unreal are expressed by the Oblique Mood, e.g.: He suggests I (should) go to university.
Types of mood:
Indicative Mood, which expresses an assertion, denial, or question. The speaker represents the action as real, e.g.: Have you finished your homework?; Ostriches cannot fly.
Imperative Mood. Which expresses command, prohibition, entreaty or advice. It is represented by one form only, viz. come, without any suffix or ending. It has no person, number, tense, or aspect distinctions, and it is limited in its use to one type of sentence only, viz. imperative sentences. E.g.: Don’t smoke in this building!; Be careful!
Subjunctive Mood, which expresses doubt or something contrary to fact, e.g.: If I should see him, I will tell him.; If I were you, I wouldn’t keep driving on those tires.
Mood and modality
Mood is a matter of grammatical form.
Modality is a matter of meaning.
The main markers of modality in English are the modal auxiliariescan, may, must, will, shall.
Considering modality it is useful to distinguish between two parts:
The Dictum (what is said);
The Modus (how it is said).
Kinds of modal meaning:
Deontic modality(It is concerned with “influencing actions, states, or events”; it deals with obligation, permission, threats, promises, requests, commands, instructions, desires, wishes, fears. E.g.: You must come in immediately (obligation).;You can have one more turn (permission).; You cannot have any more (prohibition).);
Epistemic modality (It is concerned with the speaker’s judgment of the truth of the proposition embedded in the statement. E.g.: It was a mistake. – represents an unqualified assertion; You may be right. – merely acknowledges the possibility that “You are right” is true.);
Dynamic modality (It is subject-oriented and generally concerns the properties and dispositions of person, etc., referred to in the clause. E.g.: Liz can drive better than you.;I asked Ed to go but he won’t. – In these examples, the speaker is concerned with Liz’s driving ability and Ed’s willingness to go.).
Verb is the most complex part of speech. First of all it performs the central role in realizing predication - connection between situation in the utterance and reality. That is why the verb is of primary informative significance in an utterance. Besides, the verb possesses quite a lot of grammatical categories. Furthermore, within the class of verb various subclass divisions based on different principles of classification can befound.
Verbs are words that express action or state of being.
Semantic features: the verb possesses the grammatical meaning of verbiality – the ability to denote a process developing in time.
Morphological features: the verb possesses such grammatical categories as: tense, aspect, voice, mood, person, number, finitude, temporal correlation.
Syntactic features: 1) ability to be modified by adverbs; 2) ability of the verb to perform the syntactic function of the predicate.
In English, only the third person present tense singular form expresses person grammatically; therefore, the verb forms are obligatorily associated with personal pronouns. Special mention should be made of the modal verbs and the verb be. Modal verbs, with the exception of shall/should and will/would, do not show person grammatically.
The verb be is more grammaticalized in this respect: it takes an exception to the other verbs.
The category of person is represented in English by two-member opposition: third person singular – non-third person singular.
The category of number shows whether the process is associated with one doer or with more than one doer. The category of number is a two-member opposition: singular – plural.