- •The subject of theoretical grammar, it’s purpose..
- •The grammatical structure of English language.
- •Morphology and syntax as two main parts of grammar.
- •Language as a system and structure. Levels
- •Systemic relations in language. Syntagmatic relations.
- •Systemic relations in language. Paradigmatic relations.
- •Linguistic units and their peculiarities.
- •The morphemic structure of the word as a language unit.
- •The word as the smallest naming unit and the main unit of morphology.
- •Lexical and grammatical aspects of the word. Types of grammatical meanings
- •Explicit grammatical categories.Implicit lexico-grammatical categories. Types and kinds of oppositions
- •Parts of speech. Different approaches to the system of parts of speech in Modem English.
- •Criteria for classification of words into parts of speech in Modem English: semantic, formal and functional. Notional and functional parts of speech
- •The Noun as a part of speech, its grammatical categories. The category of number and its peculiarities in Modem English.
- •The category of case. Different approaches to the category of case in Modem English
- •The problem of gender in English. Personal pronouns as gender indicators of nouns.
- •The Adjective as a part of speech. Problems concerning the category of degrees of comparison in Modem English.The Stative.
- •Substuntivisation of adjectives and adjectivization of nouns
- •The Verb. Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. The category of finitude
- •The Verb. The category of tense. The problem of existence of morphological future tense
- •21. The Verb.The category of aspect. Aspect opposition
- •22. The category of voice and its peculiarities in English
- •The problem of so-called Reflexive, Reciprocal and Middle voice in Modern English
- •The category of mood. The problem of mood opposition. Mood and modality
- •25. The verb. The category of person and number.
- •26. The Perfect forms in Modern English. Divergent views concerning the essence of the Perfect forms.
- •27. Syntax as a part of grammar. The main concepts of syntax.
- •28. Basic syntactic notions: syntactic units, syntactic relations, syntactic connections.
- •29. The phrase and the problem of its definition. The main distinctive features of the phrase as compared with those of the word and the sentence.
- •30. Nominal word combinations. Noun phrase with pre-posed and post-posed adjuncts.
- •31. Verbal word combinations. Types of verbal complements
- •32. Means of expressing syntactical relations between the components of subordinate phrases
- •33. The sentence and the problem of its definitions. The main essential features of the sentence. Implicit predication.
- •34. Classification of sentence acc. To the purpose of utterance and acc. To their structure. Two- member and one-member sentences.
- •35. Simple sentence. Principle, secondary and detached parts of the sent.
- •36. The utterance. Informative structure of the utterance.The theme and the rheme.
- •37. The utterance. Communicative and pragmatic types of utterances.
- •38. The composite sentence and the problem of coordination and subordination.
- •39. The criteria for classification of subordinate clauses.
- •SubjectandPredicateClauses:
- •2. Object Clauses:
- •3. Attributive Clauses
- •40. Text as a syntactic unit. Coherence, cohesion and deixis as the main features of the text.
- •41. Textual connective devices. Reiterations, collocation, endophoric relations.
- •42.Pragmatic approach to the study of language units.
- •43. Speech Act Theory. Classifications of speech acts.
- •According to their origin:
- •According to their function:
- •Classification
- •44. Indirect speech acts.
The subject of theoretical grammar, it’s purpose..
The term “grammar” goes back to a Greek word that may be translated as the “art of writing”. But later this word acquired a much wider sense and came to embrace the whole study of language. Now it is often used as the synonym of linguistics. A question comes immediately to mind: what does this study involve?
Grammar may be practical and theoretical. The aim of practical grammaris the description of grammar rules that are necessary to understand and formulate sentences. The aim of theoretical grammar is to offer explanation for these rules. Generally speaking, theoretical grammar deals with the language as a functional system.
To start with answering the Q what is grammar, we should first of all give a definition of lang. There are 2 understanding of lang-broad and narrow one. Under the term L in general we understand a means of forming and storing ideas as a reflection of reality. The narrow understanding defines L proper as a system of means of expression. In connection with this we also distinguish speech proper, which is a manifistation of the system of L the process of intercourse. And grammar determing the process of linking L proper and speech proper. So we may define it as a set of rules and regulations. Grammar or Grammatical system is one of the constituent part of L.It consists of the morphology and syntax.
Morphology is a branch of linguistic which treats with words and their forms.
Syntax is a branch which treats of the phrases, sentences, texts.
These branches are closely interconnected. Ex: has been found. Ilyish says that it’s a phrase and consequently falls under syntax, but at the same time it’s form of the word find and thus it would seem to fall into morphology.
Ilyish distinguish-paradigmatic morphology (is what we used to call morphology) and syntagmatic morphology (the study of phrases n+n,n+adj).
Paradigmatic syntax-is a part of gr-l theory which deals with such phenomena.
Ex: My friend has come // My friend hasn’t come // Has my friend come.
Syntagmatic syntax-our speech. Grammar is connected with linguistics. Ex: colour-colours. The number of noun is the sphere of grammar, but here we see the process of aquiring a new meaning of word colours (flags and this is in the domain of lexicology).
Grammar is also connected with pragmalinguistic, descriptive linguistic and other branches of linguistics.
Main methods:
The Grammar-Translation Method
The direct method
The direct method loses its credibility
The oral approach
The audiolingual method
The grammatical structure of English language.
According to their grammatical structure languages can be synthetic (1 ) and analytical ( 2).
In 1 – the grammatical relations between words are expressed by means of the –i-, -n-, -f-, -t-
In 2 - the grammatical relations between words are expressed by means of the form words and word order. 2 forms are mostly proper to verbs. Its form word has no lexical meaning and expresses different grammatical categories: mood, person, tense, voice, and a notional word ( infinitive or a participle). The 2 forms are:
tense and aspect of the verb forms ( continuous, perfect, all future forms ).
The passive voice.
Subjunctive mood.
However there are some synthetic features in English:
endings -s- in 3rd person sing. In the Present Simple.
endings –s in plural of nouns.
endings –‘s in genitive case.
endings – ed in the Past Simple.
Inner flexions – woman – women, man – men, speak – spoke.
The synthetic form of the subjunctive mood