Заняття 8.

Виготовлення виробів тонкої кераміки. Pottery Manufacturing.

1. Термінологія .

2. Переклад тексту.

3. Визначення походження слів та їх переклад.

Exercise 1. Words and expressions for the text comprehension:

porous-bodied pottery - пористий посуд;

stoneware - полив'яні гончарні вироби;

porcelain – порцеляна;

disintegrate - руйнуватися;

vitrified – глазурований;

increased – збільшився;

spin – крутитися;

slip – друк, гранка (відбиток);

graffito - малюнок або напис;

buff - жовтувато-коричневий колір;

coiling – скручуватися, звиватися, обвиватися;

smooth - гладка, рівна поверхня;

potter’s wheel - гончарний круг;

refined – вдосконалений;

elaborate-детально розробляти обмірковувати; виробляти;

devised - придумувати, винаходити.

Exercise 2. Read the text and write dоwn unknown words and terms.

Exercise 3. Translate the text.

Types of Pottery

It usually falls into three main classes—porous-bodied pottery, stoneware, and porcelain. Raw clay is transformed into a porous pottery when it is heated to a temperature of about 500°C;. This pottery, unlike sun-dried clay, retains a permanent shape and does not disintegrate in water. Stoneware is produced by raising the temperature, and porcelain is baked at still greater heat. In this process part of the clay becomes vitrified, or glassy, and the strength of the pottery is increased.

Methods of Production

Pottery is formed while clay is in its plastic form. Either a long piece of clay is coiled and then smoothed, or the clay is centered upon a potter's wheel (used in Egypt before 4000 B.C. ) that spins the clay while it is being shaped by the hand, or thrown. Decoration may be incised, and the piece is allowed to dry to a state of leather hardness before firing it in a kiln. The type of finish, depending on the kind or number of glazes, dictates the total number of firings. When slip and graffito are used, they are applied before the first firing. There are two types of fires—reducing and oxidizing. The former removes oxygen while the latter, a smokeless fire, adds it. Reduction and oxidation change the color of the fired clay and gave early potters their palette of red, buff, and black.

Early History

Pottery is one of the most enduring materials known to humankind. Primitive peoples the world over have fashioned pots and bowls of baked clay for their daily use. Prehistoric (sometimes Neolithic) pottery has been found in Japan and China, dated to at least 16,000 and 17,500 years old respectively. Early pots were made by the "coiling" method, working the clay into a long string which was wound round to form a shape and then modelled to form smooth walls. The potter's wheel was probably invented in Mesopotamia by the 4th millennium BC,

China in particular has had a continuous history of large-scale production, with the Imperial factories usually producing the best work. Chinese emperors gave ceramics as diplomatic gifts.

The earliest Japanese pottery was made around the 11th millennium BC. This early pottery was soft earthenware, fired at low temperatures. The potter’s wheel and a kiln capable of reaching higher temperatures and firing stoneware appeared in the 3rd or 4th centuries AD. In the 8th century, official kilns in Japan produced simple, green lead glazed wares. Unglazed stoneware was used storage jars and kitchen pots up to the 17th century. Some of the kilns improved their methods and are known as the “Six Old Kilns”.

Tin-glazed pottery, or faience, originated in Iraq in the 9th century, from where it spread to Egypt, Persia and Spain before reaching Italy in the Renaissance, Holland in the 16th century and England, France and other European countries shortly after.

From the 11th to the 16th century, Japan imported much porcelain from China and some from Korea. In the 17th century, conditions in China drove some of its potters into Japan, bringing with them the knowledge to make refined porcelain. From the mid-century Japanese porcelain was imported to Europe.

From the 8th to 18th centuries, glazed ceramics was important in Islamic art, usually in the form of elaborate pottery.

Porcelain

Until the 16th century, small quantities of expensive Chinese porcelain were imported into Europe. From the 16th century onwards attempts were made to imitate it in Europe, including soft-paste and the Medici porcelain made in Florence. None was successful until a recipe for hard-paste porcelain was devised at the Meissen factory in Dresden in 1710. Within a few years, porcelain factories sprung up in Bavaria (1754) and in Naples (1743) and many other places, often financed by a local ruler.

Exercise 4. Put 10 questions to the text.

Exercise 5. Find in a logical order.

a) The development of ceramics was aided by trade schools. In Western Ukraine the first school was founded in 1874 in Kolomyia, while in Lviv, Uzhhorod there were pottery departments in art schools.

b) Ceramics of the so-called Slavic era, which began in the 2nd century AD, were more modest, and only in the Princely era (9th–13th century) did the production of ceramics achieve a high technical level and a variety of artistic forms, while growing into a large industry.

c) The ceramics made on the territory of Ukraine from the earliest times to the present reveal a highly developed artistic and technical culture, originality, and creativity. The development of ceramics has been facilitated by the existence of large deposits of various clays, particularly kaolin (china clay).

d) At the end of XIX century factory made utensils from metal, porcelain, glass begin to displace the pottery ware. But the traditional pottery art were preserved in Oposhnya and Kosovo (Ivano-Frankivsk region). The greatest museums of the country also had in their expositions Oposhnya ceramics.

e) The history of Ukrainian ceramics begins in the Neolithic Period ( ceramics of the Trypilian culture.)

f) Today much work is being done to develop and introduce new ceramics materials—at the experimental workshop of ceramic art of the Kyiv Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Planning.

g) The ornamentation of Ukrainian ceramics is well thought out. The first centers of ceramic manufacture in Ukraine were the village of Dybyntsi in the Kyiv region (The 18th century).

I

Exercise 6. Finish the following sentences according to the text:

1. It usually falls into three main classes… .

2. Pottery is one of the… .

3. The potter's wheel was probably… .

4. The potter’s wheel and a kiln capable of reaching higher temperatures and firing stoneware… .

5. Tin-glazed pottery, or faience… .

6. Until the 16th century, small quantities of expensive Chinese porcelain… .