Первомайський медичний коледж
Методична розробка позааудиторної самостійної роботи студентів з теми:
«World Famous Physicians»
Навчальний предмет :«Англійська мова»
Спеціальність: 5. 12 010101 «Лікувальна справа»
Курс : IIІ
Кількість годин: 2
Автор: Шушняєва Ю. В.,
викладач англійської мови вищої
кваліфікаційної категорії,
«викладач-методист»
Обговорено і затверджено
На засіданні комісії гуманітарних та соціально-економічних дисциплін
протокол № ____ від «___» _________ 2013 року
Голова ЦМК _______ __________ Шушняєва Ю.В.
М. Первомайськ
І. Актуальність теми: Вивчення теми «World Famous Physicians» займає одне з важливих місць серед інших тем навчальної програми. Вивчаючи цю тему, студенти поширюють свої знання про англійську мову, про сфери її вживання, вдосконалюють свої знання з термінології.
II. Навчальні цілі:
Знати: лексику по темі
Вміти:вірно вимовляти лексичні одиниці; вживати їх в мовленні.
III. Матеріали для підготовчої роботи:
3.1. Базові знання, вміння, навички, необхідні для самостійного вивчення теми. Матеріали доаудиторної самостійної роботи.
Дисципліни |
Знати |
Вміти |
Українська мова Історія медицини |
лексику до теми
|
перекласти з англійської мови на українську Спілкуватися в межах даної тематики з опрою на зразок |
3.2. Зміст теми:
10 Famous Doctors who Made Medicine What it is Today
During any time period, various changes can take place, particularly in the medical field. In the much earlier years, the doctors little black bag contained everything they needed to treat patients. A medical diagnosis was made more on intuition then scientific facts. But whether in the past or the present, there are those innovators whose compassion and love of learning allow them to make significant medical discoveries that have had a major effect on humankind and improved the quality of life. From medical inventions to performing life saving surgeries, we have compiled a list of 10 famous doctors who have made medicine what it is today.
Hippocrates
(ca. 460 BC – ca. 370 BC) –
Hippocrates is known as one of the most exceptional individuals in
medical history. He was the first physician to believe that
thoughts, ideas, and feelings come from the brain and not the heart
as other colleagues in his era so adamantly thought . He described
in detail disease symptoms and was the first doctor to precisely
characterize the symptoms of pneumonia, as well as epilepsy in
children. He believed in natural healing processes of relaxation,
nutrition, fresh air and cleanliness. Hippocrates traveled through
Greece practicing medicine. He founded a medical school on the
island of Cos, Greece and began teaching his ideas. He soon
developed an Oath for physicians that is still followed today,
called the Hippocratic
Oath .
He died in 377 BC.
Jean
Astruc (March 19, 1684 – May 5, 1766) –
Jean was a French professor of medicine who discovered and wrote
about the cure of syphilis and other venereal diseases. He quickly
became one of the outstanding doctors of the 18th century recognized
throughout the world. The publication in 1736 of his classic work,
“De morbis venereis,” is a milestone in the history of syphilis.
He was also involved in comprehensive research into the book of
Genesis and wrote many acclaimed compositions on how Moses had
originally written the book of Genesis.
Rene
Theophile Hyacinthe Laennec (February 17, 1781 – August 13,
1826) –
Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laennec was a French physician who invented
the stethoscope in 1816. Before then, the only way a doctor could
hear the sounds of the heart and the chest was by placing his ear on
the patients’ chest. However, this sound was not always clear,
especially if the patient was obese. Through his original creation,
he was able to explore sounds in the lungs and heart. This
instrument helped him to determine diagnoses for the autopsies he
performed. He was known to be the father of clinical auscultation
and wrote many journals and clinical terms that are still used by
physicians around the world today.
Henry
Gray (1827-1861) –
Dr. Gray was an English anatomist and surgeon who is most noted for
publishing the book Gray’s
Anatomy .
With some help of his friend Henry Vandyke Carter, a skilled
draughtsman and former demonstrator of anatomy at St. George’s
Hospital. A second edition was prepared by Gray and published in
1860. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) at the age
of 25 and held the positions of demonstrator of Anatomy, curator of
the museum, and Lecturer of Anatomy at St. George’s Hospital. In
1861 he was a main candidate for the title of assistant surgeon.
Sadly, he was overcome by an attack of smallpox, which he contracted
while looking after a nephew, and died and untimely death at the
young age of 34.
Joseph
Lister (April 5, 1827 – February 10, 1912) –
For almost a decade, doctors tried to understand why wounds became
infected after surgical procedures. John Lister was one of them. An
English surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery, he completed
comprehensive research on the origins of infection and created many
of the sterilization procedures used in today’s hospitals that
keep infection to a minimum. Lister successfully introduced carbolic
acid to sterilize surgical instruments and to clean wounds, which
led to the reduction of post-operative infections and safer surgical
practices for patients.
Theodor
Billroth( April 26, 1829 – February 6, 1894) –
Dr. Billroth was an innovative surgeon as well as a teacher. He was
directly responsible for a number of landmarks in surgery, including
the firstesophagectomy (1871),
the first laryngectomyl
(1873), and the first successful gastroduodenostomy(1881.)
These procedures, of course with some modification, are still
practiced by physicians when treating gastric cancers and some cases
of peptic ulcer disease. At the University of Vienna, he promoted
longer post medical school rotations in surgery. He started what
where considered extended “apprenticeships” in surgery with a
curriculum that contained 1 year of hospital work in general
medicine, followed by a year of dissection on cadavers and animals,
and ending with a 2 or 3 year assistantship in surgery under a
senior surgeon. This was the start of modern day residency training
in surgery as it is known today.
Charles
Richard Drew (June 3, 1904 – April 1, 1950) –
Dr. Charles Richard was an African American physician and medical
researcher. His studies were in the field of blood transfusions and
creating advancements in procedures for blood storage. He focused
his knowledge on developing blood banks on a larger scale early in
World War II. This caused thousands of lives to be saved in the
armed forces. He protested against the practice of racial
segregation in the donation of blood saying there was no clinical
scientific evidence. These beliefs were a contributing factor of his
termination. Finally in 1943, he was recognized for his actions and
became the first black surgeon to serve as a medical examiner for
the American Board of Surgery.
Virginia
Apgar (June 7, 1909 – August 77, 1974) Virginia
was an American doctor who was dedicated to the advancement of
anesthesia and pediatrics. Because of her expertise in the fields of
teratology and anesthesiology, she familiarized the field
of neonatology .
Even more, she is highly respected for the development of the Apgar
test, which is a procedure that is used to determine the health of
newborn babies. This test has significantly decreased the mortality
rate of infants in countries across the globe.
Christiaan
Neethling Barnard (November 8, 1922 – September 2, 2001) –
The West African physician served as a cardiothoracic surgeon at
Groote Schuur Hospital in 1958, where he established the hospital’s
first heart unit. He had been experimenting for several years with
animal heart transplants after he performed the first successful
kidney transplant in West Africa in 1959. He followed with the first
heart transplant in 1967, where he was assisted by Dr. Michael
DeBakey. This operation lasted nine hours and required a team of
more than 25 people. These procedures played a substantial role in
urology and cardiac surgeries performed by doctors in today’s
operating rooms.
Peter
Safar (April 12, 1924 – August 2, 2003) –
Dr. Safar was the thought provoking voice behind both
cardiopulmonary resuscitation and critical care medicine. As an
honored professor of resuscitation medicine at the University Of
Pittsburgh School Of Medicine, he created this country’s first
intensive care unit and paramedic ambulance services that have
changed the outlines of emergency services for patients. He was also
nominated for the Nobel
Prize in medicine 3
times.
With the aid of technological advancements and the introduction of antibiotics and other vital drugs, these doctors have paved the way for their successors to shed light on traditional beliefs in medicine and open up endless possibilities to equipment and procedures that would never have been thought possible years ago.