- •1. Morphology and syntax as parts of grammar. Main units of grammar and types of relations between grammatical units in language and speech.
- •1 Syntagmatic relations
- •2 Paradigmatic relations
- •2. Main grammatical notions. Grammatical meaning and grammatical form.
- •Grammatical form
- •2. Grammatical meaning
- •6. Notional and functional classes of words.
- •5. Parts of speech. Principles of classification.
- •1 Principle The Semantic Approach
- •3 Principle The Syntactic (Functional) Approach
- •4 Notional classes of words
- •7. The noun. The category of number.
- •4. Combinability:
- •10. The adjective. The category of degrees of comparison.
- •2. Morphological properties:
- •3. Syntactic properties:
- •3) Absolute superiority or inferiority:
- •9. The noun. The category of article determination.
- •Indefinite
- •Indefinite article
- •3. Structure of words. Types of morphemes.
- •11. The category of tense. Posteriority.
- •12. The category of order / correlation.
- •13. The category of aspect.
- •14. The category of Voice
- •Voice opposition
- •Voice and Syntactic Structure
- •1. The Active construction
- •2 The Passive construction
- •Verbs used in the Passive Voice
- •15. Mood and modality
- •16. Verbals. The category of representation.
- •1. Lexico-grammatical meaning:
- •3. Morphological categories:
- •4. Syntactic functions:
- •23. Complex Sentence.Structural classification.
- •III. Sentences with optional dependent clauses:
- •17. Phrase. Principles of classification.
- •4. Means of form-building.
- •18. Phrase. Types of relations between its constituents.
11. The category of tense. Posteriority.
Objective time and its divisions (present, past and future) can be expressed:
Lexically: time is indicated very definitely and directly yesterday, now, five minutes ago, last year, on March 5, 2010
Grammatically: abstract and indirect/ relative expression: time is denoted through an action that takes place at, before or after the moment of speech: worked
TENSE – the grammatical category denoting TIME
reflects the objective category of time and expresses the relation between the time of the action and the time of the utterance;
the opposition underlying this category usually includes 3 forms:
Russian: делаю – делал – буду делать
English: do – did – shall/will do
Present — Past — Future
Objective and Grammatical Present
1 objective present is immeasurable: a fleeting moment of speech, which does not last and cannot be measured:
2 grammatical present denotes a variable period of time including the present moment (the moment of speech).
Grammatical Present:
He takes the key and unlocks the door. – instantaneous present;
I am delivering a lecture. – limited present;
He studies English. – timeless present;
Spiders have eight legs. – timeless present in a universal statement.
The Past is the time preceding the moment of speech.
The Future is the time following the present moment /moment of speech.
Present is unmarked both formally and semantically: neutralization of the opposition
past actions: At that moment in comes the policeman…(historic present);
future actions: The plane takes off at 5.
Present, Past and Future are absolute meanings of time (show the time of the action in relation to the present moment / moment of speech)
Relative meanings of time:
Simultaneity
Priority
Posteriority
The problem of the FUTURE Tense form:
is analytical;
historically, appeared later;
does not cover defective(modal) verbs;
is very close to free modal phrases (shall/will+Infinitive).
The category of Posteriority / Prospect
The grammatical meaning shall/will do and should/would do (marked forms) have in common is the meaning of after-action: both the forms denote posterior actions that happen after some other moment – in the present or past.
The unmarked forms (do and did) denote non-posterior actions.
Time in English is expressed:
absolutely: from the point of view of the moment of speech (by means of the category of Tense – Present and Past)
relatively: as following/not following some other action (by means of the category of Posteriority – Future). Here belong such words and phrases as after that, before that, some time later etc.
Tense denotes primary absolute time.
Posteriority denotes relative time, after-action.