9. The noun. The category of article determination.

In English, the article

• is spelt separately from the noun;

• can be separated from the noun by other words;

• possesses its own lexical (demonstrativeness / oneness) and lexico-grammatical meaning (definiteness & specification / indefiniteness & classification).

The nature of the Article?

• a word (a separate part of speech)

A+N is a phrase

• an auxiliary element, a word morpheme

A+N is an analytical form of the noun

Zero Article (meaningful absence of the article)

• before countable nouns in the Pl and uncountable nouns it has the classifying value, like the Indefinite Article;

• the zero article can only be treated as a morpheme: we do not speak of zero words.

Allomorphs of the Indefinite Article:

a/an & 0 (vs the)

Article as a Determiner

Definite

• definite article

• demonstrative prn

• possessive prn

• N’s

Indefinite

• Indefinite article

• pronouns some, any, no, every, each

• absence of any determiner

Article and the Category of Number

• Singular synthetic (no article) — stone

• Singular analytical (with a/an) — a stone

• Plural (-es) — stones

3. Structure of words. Types of morphemes.

It's necessary to distinguish between form-building and word-building means. Word-building means express notions. e.g. work – worker –> -er – lexical suffix workable –> -able – lex. Suffix They build new words, they're treated in Lexicology. Form-building means are means of building up new forms of words. They are treated in grammar (morphology). Traditionally the following types of morphemes are distinguished: Root morphemes; affixal morphemes (affixes)- prefixes- suffixes- inflections( gr. suffixes)Prefixes, root-morphemes, lexical suffixes are lexical morphemes in English. Only grammatical suffixes (inflections) are form-building means in English. (Russian suffixes and prefixes are form-building)Morphemes

Free morphemes can build up words by themselves, while bound can't do that.

e.g. handful - hand- free; ful – bound Both form-building and word-building affixes can be: productive -er; -or; -ent; -ness-(e)s; -(e)d; -ing; -er, -est & non-productive-dom; -hood (lex. suffixes) -en; -em (gr. suffixes) Both word-building and form-building suffixes can be polysemantic. e.g. -ly (lex. suff) can build adj, adv. => loudly – adv.; friendly – adj. -s (es) (gr. suff.) forms plural/singular of nouns + possessive case. Structurally mrphs fall into 3 types: free, bound and semi-free (semi-bound) morphemes. A free morpheme is defined as one that coincides with some word-forms independently functioning in speech (a stem) – heart – hearts; hearty- heartier.. A bound morpheme occurs only as a constituent part of a word (affixes, unique roots and pseudo-roots: theor- in theory, theoretical). Semi-bound morphemes are morphemes that can function in a morphemic sequence both as an affix and as a free morpheme (sleep well – well-known, half an hour – half-eaten).