24. Syntactical structure of the cl( simple sentence). The model of the members of the sentence.

Parsing-the process of analyzing sent into their parts or constituents.

At the funct level the sent is described in terms of members of the s performing certain funct. Parts of the s –notional s constituents as they name elements of the situation named by the sent: prosses, participants, circumst. They are in diff relations to other parts of the sent. Trad parts of the sent:principal(predication. Subj-structural center, pred-semantic& communicat) & secondary (obj, att, adv mod(they extend the basic structure). The model of parts of speech the basic relation of notional sent constituents (show the linear order of const)

Depending on synt-semanti properties of the v: obligatory (princip part& complem) & optional.

Structurally members: simple(single w), phrasal, complex(secondary predict constr), compound (sub cl)

Objs:in/direct, prep.

Complements- oblig constituent of s , completes the pred , cannot become a Subj in a passive constr.( subj compl:She is a teacher. obj compl: He painted the door green; predicate compl:The table costs $100)

Adverbials: adjuncts(additional inf: he briefly..), disjunct (speaker’s attitude: undoubtedly ), conjunct(logical link: he was wrong so he kept silent)

20. Predicativity. Primary and Secondary predication

The communicative function of the sentence distinguishes it from phrases and words, which have one function – naming.

Predicativity - the correlation of the thought expressed in the sentence with the situation of speech. Its components are modality, time and person, expressed by the categories of mood, tense and person.

Means of expressing predicativity: predicate verb, subject-predicate group (predication), intonation. A sentence may contain primary and secondary predication. Primary predication is observed between the subject and the predicate of the sentence while secondary predication is observed between non-finite forms of the verb and nominal elements within the sentence.. I heard someone singing. The group someone singing is called the secondary predication, as it resembles the subject-predicate group (= the primary predication), structurally and semantically: it consists of two main components, nominal and verbal, and names an event or situation. But it cannot be correlated with reality directly and cannot constitute an independent unit of communication, as verbals have no categories of mood, tense and person. The secondary predication is related to the situation of speech indirectly, through the primary predications.

19. Sentence as the main unit of syntax

A sentence is a unit of speech whose grammatical structure conforms to the laws of the language and which serves as the chief means of conveying a thought. A sentence is not only a means of communicating something about reality but a means of showing the speaker’s attitude to it.

The most essential features of the sentence as a linguistic unit are a) its structural characteristics – subject-predicate relations (primary predication), and b) its semantic characteristics – it refers to some fact in the objective reality. Independent clause = simple sentence

a unit of language and speech;

as a language unit, has form and meaning;

The form of the clause/sentence is its structure;

According to the purpose of the utterance we distinguish 4 kinds of sentences:

1- The declarative sentence states a fact in the affirmative or negative form. In DS the subject precedes the predicate (pronounced with falling intonation) (!: English predicate can have only one negation).

He does not go anywhere.

2- An Imperative sentence serves to induce a person to do smth, so it expresses a command (falling tone: Come to the blackboard!), a request or invitation (rising tone: Open the door, please!).

3- The interrogative sentence asks a question. It is formed by means of inversion (unless subject is an interrogative word: Who is in the room? – no inversion).

There are several kinds of questions:

General questions requiring the answer yes or no and spoken with a rising intonation. They are formed by placing part of the predicative (auxiliary or modal verb) before the subject.

Do you like art? Can you speak English?

Astonishment: Haven’t you seen him yet?

Rhetoric questions: Can you commit a whole country to their own prisons?

Special q. beginning with an interrogative word (falling intonation)

Where do you live? (order of words is as in Gen. question)

Who lives in this room? (Who – is a subject, order of words is as that of a statement)

Alternative questions, indicating choice

Do you live in town or in the country?

Disjunctive questions requiring the answer yes or no and consisting of an affirmative statement followed by a negative question, or a negative statement followed by an affirmative question

You speak English, don’t you?

4- An exclamatory sentence expresses some kind of emotion or feeling. It often begins with the words what and how, it is always in the declarative form (no inversion) (falling intonation: What a lovely day it is! How wonderful!)

SUBJECT and PREDICATE – the basic constituents of the clause

The Subject is identified syntactically by

• position,

• concord with the predicate verb,

• pronominalisation (personal pronouns in the Nominative case),

• reflection in tag questions by a pronoun

The Predicate is identified syntactically by

• position,

• concord with the Subject,

• the finite form of the verb.