Isocitrate

Citrate

What ions are the most important for Glycolysis?:

Ca²⁺

Mg²⁺*

Na+

Zn²⁺

Co²⁺

Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver and:

Heart

Kidney*

Skeletal muscle

Adipose tissue

Spleen

Diseases of the respiratory system and circulatory disorders impair the transport of oxygen, thus leading to hypoxia. Under these conditions the energy metabolism is carried out by anaerobic glycolysis. As a result, the following substance is generated and accumulated in blood:

Fumaric acid

Pyruvic acid

Glutamic acid

Citric acid

Lactic acid *

The genetic defect of pyruvate carboxylase deficiency is the cause of delayed physical and mental development and early death in children. This defect is characterized by lacticemia, lactaciduria, disorders of a number of metabolic pathways. In particular, the following processes are inhibited:

Citric acid cycle and gluconeogenesis *

Glycolysis and glycogenolysis

Pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis

Lipolysis and lipogenesis

Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis

Choose the energy requirement (sum total of ATP; to think about GTP use as ATP use) for glucose synthesis from 2 moles of pyruvic acid:

2 ATP

6 ATP*

1 ATP

4 ATP

3 ATP

Lesson 12 module 1

A child’s blood presents high content of galactose, glucose concentration is low. There are such presentations as cataract, mental deficiency, adipose degeneration of liver. What disease is it?

Diabetes mellitus

Steroid diabetes

Fructosemia

Lactosemia

Galactosemia*

A child has got galactosemia. Concentration of glucose in blood has not considerably changed. Deficiency of what enzyme caused this illness?

Phosphoglucomutase

Amylo-l,6-glucosidase

Galactokinase

Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase*

Hexokinase

Point out the multienzyme system used in aerobic oxidation of glucose up to carbon dioxide and water formation:

α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex *

Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase complex

Glutamate dehydrogenase complex

Succinate dehydrogenase complex

Palmitate synthetase

Pyruvate concentration in the patient’s urine is increased 10 times than the normal level. Choose the Vitamin, the deficiency of which in the organism can be the reason of this change:

Vitamin C

Vitamin B_1*

Vitamin A

Vitamin E

Vitamin B₆

The aerobic oxidation of carbohydrates includes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate. Specify the inhibitor (in high concentration) for this reaction:

ADP

NAD⁺

FAD

Acetyl-SCoA *

NADP⁺

Name the second stage of aerobic glucose oxidation in tissues:

Krebs Cycle

Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate*

Pyruvate formation

-Ketoglutarate formation

Acetyl-SCоA carboxylation

Point out a substrate that is used as major energy source for brain:

Glucose *

Fatty acid

Phospholipid

Ketone body

Alanine

Choose the INCORRECT statement concerning functions of the pentose phosphate pathway:

It is a source of NADPH for reductive pathways

It is a source of ATP for reductive pathways

It is a source of pentoses for nucleic acids synthesis

It is a route for the use of pentoses and for their conversion to hexoses and trioses

It is a route for conversion of pentoses from degradated nucleotides to intermediates of glycolysis

NADPH is used for next application EXCEPT:

Fatty acid biosynthesis

Cholesterol synthesis

Glucose synthesis*

Glutamate synthesis

Glutathione defense system function against injury by reactive oxygen species

Which of the following compounds is required by transketolase for maximal activity?

Thiamine pyrophosphate*

Biotin

Coenzyme A

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Acetyl-CoA

A child with galactosemia is referred to an opthalmologist for evaluation of developing cataracts, probably caused by the accumulation of galactose and its alcohol galactitol. Choose the enzyme catalyzing the transformation of galactose to galactitol:

Galactokinase

Aldose reductase*

Glucokinase

Galactose 1-phosphate uridyltransferase

Aldolase B

Which enzyme is present in the liver but not in muscle?

Glucose 6-phosphatase*

Hexokinase

Lactate dehydrogenase

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Glycogen phosphorylase

Biochemical test in thiamine deficiency may be:

Cholesterol test

Histidine test

Erythrocyte transketolase test*

Ferric chloride test

Glucose test

Sites where Hexose monophosphate shunt can occur include:

Liver

Lactating mammary gland

White Blood Cells (WBC)

Testes

All the proposed*

Malate-aspartate shuttle system is required for:

Gluconeogenesis

Pentose phosphate pathway

Embden-Meyerhoff pathway

Reducing equivalent (NADH) transport into mitochondria*

Alanine transport into mitochondria

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex contains all cofactors except one. Choose it:

Biotin *

NAD⁺

FAD

CoA

Lipoamide

Immediate products of pyruvate metabolism (using one reaction only) are all except:

Acetyl-CoA

Alanine

Lactate

Oxaloacetate

2-Phosphoglycerate*

Point out the multienzyme system where enzymes form a single structural-functional complex:

Enzymes of Krebs cycle

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex*

Glutamate dehydrogenase

Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase