Lesson 11 module 1

What enzyme catalyzes the glucose-6-phosphate formation from glucose in the liver and is not inhibited by excess level of glucose-6-phosphate:

Hexokinase

Glucokinase*

Pyruvate kinase

Glucose-6-phosphatase

Phosphoglucomutase

Choose the condition in human organism which can cause the beginning of gluconeogenesis in the liver:

Hyperglycemia

Hypoglycemia*

The decrease of diuresis

The hypoxia of liver tissue

The bile ducts obstruction

Name the factors which are important to regulate the anaerobic glycolysis duration:

ATP/ADP ratio in a cell

NADH/NAD⁺ ratio in a cell

Fructose-2.6-biphosphate level

Oxygen level in tissue

All the factors mentioned*

Choose the enzyme for the reaction of glucose formation due to dephosphorylation:

Glucokinase

Phosphofructokinase

Glucose-6-phosphatase*

Aldolase

Find out the location of glucose-6-phosphatase in human tissues:

Gonads, only

Liver, kidney*

Liver, only

Skeletal muscular tissue

Myocardium

Name the energy effect of anaerobic glycolysis per 1 mole of glucose incorporated into the process:

2 ATP*

5 ATP

8 ATP

10 ATP

3 ATP

A 7-year-old girl has signs of anemia. Laboratory examination revealed pyruvate kinase deficiency in the erythrocytes. What process disturbance plays the main role in anemia development?

Tissue respiration

Oxidative phosphorylation

Peroxide decomposition

Amino acids desamination

Anaerobic glycolysis*

The gluconeogenesis is activated in the liver after intensive physical trainings .What substance is utilized in gluconeogenesis first of all in this case:

Glucose

Glutamate

Alanine

Lactate*

Pyruvate

Which one of the following enzymes catalyzes phosphorylation with the use of inorganic phosphate?

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase*

Hexokinase

Pyruvate kinase

Phosphofructokinase

Phosphoglycerate kinase

Which of the following compounds is an allosteric activator that enhances activity of phosphofructokinase I?

Glucose

Glucose-6-phosphate

Citric acid

Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)*

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A deficiency in the vitamin biotin leads to a deficiency in the activity of certain enzyme of gluconeogenesis. Poin out the enzyme:

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

Pyruvate carboxylase*

Fructose-1.6-bisphosphatase

Phosphoglycerate kinase

Glucose 6-phosphatase

Choose the yields a net for 1 mole of glucose oxidation by anaerobic glycolysis:

2 moles of lactate and 2 moles of ATP*

2 moles of lactate, 2 moles of NAD⁺, 2 moles of ATP

2 moles of pyruvate, 2 moles of NADH, 2 moles of ATP

2 moles of pyruvate and 2 moles of ATP

2 moles of lactate and 6 moles of ATP

Which one of the following enzymes is common to both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

Pyruvate kinase

Pyruvate carboxylase

Hexokinase

Phosphoglycerate kinase*

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

Which compound does not contribute to the net formation of glucose during gluconeogenesis in man?

Oxaloacetate

Glycerol

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Lactate

Acetyl-CoA*

Which statement about gluconeogenesis is correct?

The acetate group of acetyl-CoA is used for the net synthesis of glucose.

It occurs primarily in skeletal muscle.

Lactate and alanine can both serve as substrates *

Phosphofructokinase I is the rate-limiting enzyme of gluconeogenesis.

ATP is not required for the process

Choose the key enzymes of gluconeogenesis:

Glucokinase, phosphotriose isomerase, lactate dehydrogenase

Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase

Citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrohenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Phosphohexose isomerase, phosphoglycerate kinase, aldolase I

Pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase*

The intensive muscular work increases the velocity of the ATP utilization and causes the activation of glycolysis. What enzyme activity will limit its rate?

Aldolase

Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase

Phosphoglyceromutase

Phosphofructokinase*

Phosphoglycerate kinase

There is one organic compound in the list below to inhibit phosphofructokinase I if this compound is accumulated in cytoplasm. Name it:

Glyceroaldehyde 3-phosphate

Succinate

ATP*

Fructose-6-phosphate

Pyruvate

Name, please, the liver enzyme needed for lactate utilization in gluconeogenesis:

NAD-dependent Lactate Dehydrogenase*

NADH-dependent Lactate Dehydrogenase

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Glucose-6-phosphatase

Lactonase

The functions of gluconeogenesis are described by all of the following statements except:

It maintains blood sugar levels during fasting

It is useful during strenuous exercises

It allows the use of acetyl-CoA for glucose production*

It allows the use of amino acids for glucose production

It maintains blood glucose level during period of limited carbohydrate intake

Choose the key (regulatory) enzymes of glycolysis:

Glucokinase, phosphotriose isomerase, lactate dehydrogenase

Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase *

Citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrohenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Phosphohexose isomerase, phosphoglycerate kinase, aldolase I

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, pyruvate carboxylase

Gluconeogenesis from lactate does not require activity of:

Aldolase

Phosphofructokinase *

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Triose phosphate isomerase

Phosphoglycerate kinase

The activity of pyruvate carboxylase is dependent upon the positive allosteric effector:

Succinate

AMP

Acetyl CoA*