3. The rule of religion in informal social control.

Social control refers generally to societal and political mechanisms or processes that regulate individual and group behavior, leading to conformity and compliance to the rules of a given society, state, or social group.

Religious society has the character that accepts only limited personal Independence as it requires faith in received doctrine & similarly respect for the system of authority, conventions & seniority in the community. This is the socially pervasive model of thinking. Failure to conform of an individual results in informal penalties such as the offender is likely to be ignored in various situations socially, treated as having a worthless opinion socially & economically, & generally suffer a lack of preferment & status they would otherwise expect. Religion provides a model of conformity to doctrine; this is naturally extended to critically view a wide variety of social behaviors that show originality or independence. The social structures of the religious community provide a means of communication to put the opinions of authority & convention into action.

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1. Formal control: the public legal forms of controlling the population. Formal means of social control - External sanctions enforced by government to prevent the establishment of chaos or anomie in society. Some theorists, such as Émile Durkheim, refer to this form of control as regulation.

Human population control is the prасtice of artificially altering the rate of growth of a human population. Historically, human population control has been implemented by limiting the population's birth rate, usually by government mandate, and has been undertaken as a response to factors including high or increasing levels of poverty, environmental concerns, religious reasons, and overpopulation. While population control can involve measures that improve people's lives by giving them greater control of their reproduction, some programs have exposed them to exploitation.

Population control may use one or more of the following practices although there are other methods as well: Contraception, Abstinence, Reducing infant mortality so that parents do not increase their family size to ensure at least some survive to adulthood, Abortion, Improving status of women causing departure from traditional sexual division of labor.

2. Sanctions of informal social control Informal social control, or the reactions of individuals and groups that bring about conformity to norms and laws, includes peer and community pressure, bystander intervention in a crime, and collective responses such as citizen patrol groups. agents of the criminal justice system exercise more control when informal social control is weaker (Black, 1976). Informal sanctions may include shame, ridicule, sarcasm, criticism, and disapproval, which can cause an individual to stray towards the social norms of the society. In extreme cases sanctions may include social discrimination and exclusion. Informal social control usually has more effect on individuals because the social values become internalized, thus becoming an aspect of the individual's personality. Informal sanctions check 'deviant' behavior. An example of a negative sanction comes from a scene in the Pink Floyd film 'The Wall,' whereby the young protagonist is ridiculed and verbally abused by a high school teacher for writing poetry in a mathematics class. Another example from the movie 'About a Boy', when a young boy hesitates to jump from a high springboard and is ridiculed for his fear. Though he eventually jumps, his behavior is controlled by shame. Informal controls reward or punish acceptable or unacceptable behavior (i.e., deviance) and are varied from individual to individual, group to group, and society to society. For example, at a Women's Institute meeting, a disapproving look might convey the message that it is inappropriate to flirt with the minister. In a criminal gang, on the other hand, a stronger sanction applies in the case of someone threatening to inform to the police of illegal activity.

3. The concept of subculture In sociology, and cultural studies, asubculture is a group of people within a culture that differentiates themselves from the larger culture to which they belong. The term subculture has become deprecated among some researchers, who prefer the term co-culture, in order to avoid the connotations of inferiority associated with the "sub-" prefix. While exact definitions vary, the Oxford English Dictionary defines the term as "a cultural group within a larger culture, often having beliefs or interests at variance with those of the larger culture.

Subcultures can exist at all levels of organizations, highlighting the fact that there are multiple cultures or value combinations usually evident in any one organization that can complement but also compete with the overall organizational culture. In some instances, subcultures have been legislated against, and their activities regulated or curtailed. Youth subcultures have been described as a moral problem that ought to be handled by the guardians of society within the post-war consensus. British youths in the post-war era were labeled as troublemakers by members of the dominant culture.

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