1Special agencies of formal social control

 The formal agents are official bodies which are intended to control the way people behave, either as their main function, such as the Police, or as a side-effect of their function, such as schools imposing discipline in the process of teaching, also church, law, administration, public opinion. Informal agents of social control are unofficial and may not be organised at all, but still affect behaviour. They include the media, the family, neighborhood, and religion.

2 The ideology of hippies subculture

The hippie sub-culture promotes harmony and peaceful resolutions to a variety of social maladies. Anti-war protests, especially in the U.S. during the late sixties, are physical manifestations of hippie ideology which contend that violent conflict is not way to effectively resolve political differences. They are not naive in the complexities of state relations. In fact, the majority of hippies involved in war protests, past and present, are college students and graduates Hippies are often stereo-typed as being dirty,lazy drug-users whom are a burden on society. Yes, some hippies enjoy the effects of cannabis. So what! Marijuana is less harmful than alcohol and cigarettes, which are both legal. Do the research. However, the hippie sub-culture is a world-view, not dependent on long hair or drug use. The true hippie desires nurturing relationships, sustainability, and pursues intellectual and artistic fulfillment. They are not perfect people who denounce other lifestyles. Tolerance is part of their unwritten creed. The world would be a better place to live if more people would adopt the hippie sub-culture’s ideologies. Peace.

3 The lower class in modern postindustrial societies

The working class in industrial societies traditionally includes the hired workers occupied with physical work in extracting and production sectors of economy, and also those who carries out the low-paid, low-qualified work not captured by labor unions in the industry of services and retail trade.

There is a division of workers on qualified, semi-qualified and unskilled that, naturally, is reflected in salary level. As a whole for working class lack of property and dependence on the highest classes concerning receiving means of livelihood — a salary are characteristic. Rather low standards of the life, limited access to the higher education and exception of spheres of adoption of important decisions are connected with these conditions.

The term "the lowest class" is often used for designation of that part of the population which occupies the bottom of class structure. Standards of life of representatives of this class are much lower, than at the majority of members of society. This group is characterized by a set of adverse circumstances. Many of people entering it lost long ago work or work only at temporary job and sporadic. Some are the homeless or have no constant roof over the head. Members of the lowest class can live during the long periods of time for a dole.

# 22

In sociology, industrial society refers to a society driven by the use of technology to enable mass production, supporting a large population with a high capacity for division of labour. Such a structure developed in the west in the period of time following the Industrial Revolution, and replaced the agrarian societies of the Pre-modern, Pre-industrial age. Industrial societies are generally mass societies, and may be succeeded by an Information society. They are often contrasted to with the traditional societies.

Industrial society is characterized by the use of external energy sources, such as fossil fuels, to increase the rate and scale of production. The production of food is shifted to large commercial farms where the products of industry, such as combine harvesters and fossil fuel based fertilizers, are used to decrease required human labor while increasing production. No longer needed for the production of food, excess labor is moved into these factories where mechanization is utilized to further increase efficiency. As populations grow, and mechanization is further refined, often to the level of automation, many workers shift to expanding service industries.

Industrial society makes urbanization desirable, in part so that workers can be closer to centers of production, and the service industry can provide labor to workers and those that benefit financially from them, in exchange for a piece of production profits with which they can buy goods. This leads to the rise of very large cities and surrounding suburban areas with a high rate of economic activity.

These urban centers require the input of external energy sources in order to overcome the diminishing returns of agricultural consolidation, due partially to the lack of nearby arable land, associated transportation and storage costs, and are otherwise unsustainable. This makes the reliable availability of the needed energy resources high priority in industrial government policies.

Some theoreticians—namely Ulrich Beck, Anthony Giddens and Manuel Castells—argue that we are located in the middle of a transformation or transition from industrial societies to post-modern societies. The triggering technology for the change from an agricultural to an industrial organisation was steam power, allowing mass production and reducing the agricultural work necessary. Thus many industrial cities are built around rivers. Identified as catalyst or trigger for the transition to post-modern or informational society is global information technology.

Using Jarvis’ (2006) psychosocial perspective of human learning, we explore how the career choices and the subsequent coaching approaches of five Canadian women coaches have been influenced by their primary and secondary socialization. A content analysis was performed to identify how coaches learned in their primary socialization with their family, and in their secondary socialization at school and in their sport experiences. The findings indicate that the learning situations in their primary and secondary socialization influence the coaches’ career choices and their subsequent coaching approaches. These findings have implications for coaching education, enabling course developers and facilitators to understand (a) the importance of creating environments where coaches are able to critically reflect, and (b) how coaching approaches can be influenced by early life experiences.

Current US Census population projections (2004) clearly show a growing number of diverse racial, ethnic, and cultural groups in American society. Parallel to this increase in diversity, the number of older adults in America is increasing. Older adult members of society are increasing at a faster rate than any other subgroup in America, and among this aging population, the percentage of the population who are members of minority groups will grow, between 2000 and 2050, at an even faster rate than the white majority. In 2002 (US Census 2002), the older population numbered 35.6 million; this was an increase of 3.3 million or 10.2 percent since 1992. Minority populations are projected to represent 26.4 percent of the elderly population in 2030, up from 17.2 percent in 2002. Between 2000 and 2030, the white population 65 and older is projected to increase by 77 percent compared with 223 percent for older minorities, including Hispanics (342 percent), African Americans (164 percent), American Indians, Eskimos, and Aleuts (207 percent), and Asians and Pacific Islanders (302 percent). Accompanying this tremendous boom in population growth and ethnic makeup will be economic problems as well as promises of diversity.

23

Social stratification and differentiation 

social stratification(from Lat . stratum, here - layer and facio - do) - one of the basic concepts of the bourgeois . sociology, indicating the existence of a society of social inequality , its division into strata (layers ) , allocated on the basis SUCCESSION one or a number of characteristics ( economic, national , ethnic, religious , and psychological ) , but does not address the root criteria of class division .

In bourgeois . Sociology S. p. generally includes : 1 ) a system of signs and criteria of social stratification in society , 2) the theory of social stratification and structure , and 3) the social structure , and 4) the movement of people in the system of social stratification - social mobility . Bourges . sociologists ignore place of social groups in the society . production and property relations primarily as Ch. sign class division of society . Classes , social strata and groups , they point out , based on characteristics such as education , psychology, living conditions, employment, income , etc. The system distinguishes between " one-dimensional stratification " when groups are defined on the basis SUCCESSION one sign , and " mnogoizmerimuyu stratification ", defined set of characteristics .

   Most bourgeois . C. with theories . denies split ka - pitalistich . antagonistic society . classes - bourgeoisie and proletariat . Instead, put forward the concept of the division of society into "higher" , "middle " and " lower" classes and strata , the number of which is usually determined arbitrarily (2 to 6)

2. Informal social control as the mechanism s to reinforce socialization.Social control refers generally to societal and political mechanisms or processes that regulate individual and group behavior in an attempt to gain conformity and compliance to the rules of a given society, state, or social group. Sociologists identify two basic forms of social control:

Informal means of control - Internalisation of norms and values by a process known as socialization, which is defined as "the process by which an individual, born with behavioral potentialities of enormously wide range, is led to develop actual behavior which is confined to the narrower range of what is acceptable for him by the group standards."^[1]

Formal means of social control - External sanctions enforced by government to prevent the establishment of chaos or anomiein society. Some theorists, such as Émile Durkheim, refer to this form of control as regulation.

Informal social control, exercised implicitly by a society through particular customs, norms, and mores. Individuals internalize the values of their society, whether conscious or not of the indoctrination. Traditional society relies mostly on informal social control embedded in its customary culture to socialize its members.

Formal. Historically, rulers have legitimately used torture as a means of mind control as well as murder, imprisonment and exile to remove from public space anyone the state authorities deemed to be undesirable.

During the Age of Enlightenment harsh penalties for crimes and civil disobedience were criticised by philosophers such as Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham whose work inspired reform movements which eventually led to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 which informs most western jurisdictions and the similar Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam in 1990.