The Agricultural Country
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5.Ukraine
has very favourable conditions for the development of agricultural
production: fertile soils, temperately warm climate, a well-developed
industry processing agricultural raw materials. All the principle
areas of plant cultivation are: grain and crops, meadow culture,
fruit and vegetable raising. Almost half the cropping area is
occupied by cereals such as winter wheat, maize and legumes, rye,
oats and barley. The principal grain crop, winter wheat, is sown
mainly in the Steppe and Forest-Steppe zones. Maize is grown mostly
in Trans-carpathia and Steppe Zones. Buckwheat, millet, rice play an
important role. Among the industrial crops such as sugar, beet,
sunflower, flax the leading position is occupied by sugar beet. Close
to 40 types of vegetable crop are grown in Ukraine: cabbage, tomato,
cucumber, red beet, carrot, onion, garlic, etc. Melon-growing is
practised mainly in the south. Potatoes occupy 6 % of soil under
cultivation.
16.Animal husbandry is the second-largest component of agriculture. Like plant cultivation, livestock production is divided into branches. The most widespread branch is cattle breeding, pig raising is another important area. Sheep farming is also practised.
17.The poultry industry is spread through all the regions. Birds farmed include chicken, duck, goose, turkey. There are large mechanized poultry factories to produce eggs and meat.
18.Fish farming is growing in importance, with carp, being the most common fish. Trout, which is to be found in the mountain rivers, is of commercial interest too.
19.Bee-keeping is spread through all zones. It is extensively practised on private plots. Fur animals being farmed include the silver and blue fox, mink and nutria.
Science in Ukraine
Eminent names and scientific schools
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0.In
the twentieth century, a number of renowned scientific schools were
established in Ukraine dealing with problems of geochemistry and the
natural sciences (V. Vernadsky), mechanics (S. Tymoshenko), oriental
studies (A. Krymsky), microbiology (D. Zabolotny), biology (O.
Bohomolets), chemistry (L. Pysarchevsky), electrical welding and
bridge-building (Ye. Paton), physics (M. Boholiubov), cybernetics
Daniil
Zabolotny
(V. Glushkov), space engineering (M. Yanhel), etc. Ukrainian
scientists and scholars can boast major achievements, such as the
artificial nuclear reaction to split the lithium nucleus; production
of heavy water; a procedure for automatically welding lank bodies;
the Europe's first computer; new areas pioneered in metallurgy:
electric metallurgy with electroslag, plasma-arc, and plasma
electron-beam remelting, development of unique rockets and
spacecraft, etc.
Ukraine's Scientific Potential
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1.Science
is a major factor allowing Ukraine to be ranked among the world's
advanced countries in the twenty-first century. By the beginning of
the year 2000, Ukraine's scientific potential of Ukraine comprised
1,506 scientific institutions and organizations. Of these, 289 were
in the academic sector, 160 were institutions of higher learning,
while 964 belonged to the industry, and 93 to the factory sector.
126,000 persons are directly engaged in research and engineering
activities. These include 4,132 doctors and over 20,000 candidates of
sciences. Six state academies are leaders in Ukrainian science: the
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukrainian Academy of
Agricultural Science, Academy of Medical Science, Academy of
Jurisprudence, the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, and the Academy
of Arts. The Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine is
responsible for the governmental management of scientific and
scholarly activities.
The Coming Future
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2.Ukraine
is proud to comply with world scientific standards in mathematics,
mechanics, physics, computer science, materials science, and a number
of other trends directly related to the manufacture of the high tech
science-intensive products increasingly demanded by foreign
scientific institutions and industrial firms. For instance, a unique
pilot plant has been built, which simulates the effect of outer space
on spacecraft. Germany and China have purchased this plant and the
European Space Agency is using it for research purposes. Together
with Pratt and Whitney, a US aerospace firm, the Institute of
Electrical Welding is developing a procedure for producing new
materials using the technique of high-speed electron-beam evaporation
and condensation of matter in a vacuum. The Institute of
Monocrystals, a research and technical concern, supplies
scintillation crystals as well as sapphire implants and tools to
research centres in the US, Japan and Switzerland for neurosurgical
and ophthalmological applications. Researchers at the Institute for
Cryobiology and Cryomedicine have arranged production of competitive
biological preparations on request by many foreign firms.
23.During the years of independence, a basic advance has been made by Ukraine in the social sciences and humanities. This contributed much to the nation's rethinking of its centuries-long path in the historical and cultural development and today's position of Ukraine in the context of the international and European civilizing process. This is the fifteenth year that the Ukrainian scholars have been involved in studying the scientific, technological, economic, medical, and social aspects with the goal of mitigating the consequences of the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant disaster, turning the devastated Unit 4 into an ecologically sound system, and establishing an international test field within the affected area for investigating the impact of radiation on the environment.
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4.Ukrainian
science is making successful efforts to be integrated into the
international scientific community. Each year dozens of monographs by
Ukrainian scholars are published abroad. Many Ukrainian scientific
journals are translated into foreign languages. Under the aegis of
UNESCO, an international research and educational centre for
information technologies and systems as well as international chairs
of cryobiology and physiology have been set up in Ukraine.
Established in 1993, the International Association of Academies of
Sciences is playing an important role to stimulate integration
processes among Academies of Sciences of CIS countries. The National
Academy of Sciences of Ukraine headed by Academician Borys Paton, its
world-renowned President, remains the stronghold of these research
institutions.
Ukrainian Space Industry
25.Young independent Ukraine confidently became one of the world space states owing to its space research and production potential. In February 1992, National Space Agency of Ukraine (NSAU) was established to implement state space activities policy. Its control sphere includes about 30 production enterprises, research organizations and design offices. The enterprises of space industry gain great experience in development and production of modern launch vehicles, spacecraft, engines, control and telemeter system. New materials and technologies are being phased in, and some of them have no counterparts. Space goods and services export increased from year to year.
26.Currently, space industry restructuring is being prepared and implemented to assure further development of enterprises in market environment. The restructuring provides forming of favorable business and investment climate, advance in rates of science intensive production output, development of new competitive technics, increase the quality and efficiency of production. It is planned to corporatize and incorporate state-owned companies, possibilities for establishment of international investment fund are also considered.
27.So, Ukrainian space industry enters into new millennium introducing market innovation system, which is favorable for improving investment climate and attracting investors to mutual beneficial cooperation within joint commercial projects.
Ex. 3 Give the English equivalents to the words and words-combinations:
Тісно працювати/тесно работать;
Судноплавна річка/судоходная река;
наукова діяльність/научная деятельность;
під егідою/под эгидой, при поддержке;
взаємовигідна співпраця/взаимовыгодное сотрудничество;
площа поверхні/площадь поверхности;
залишатися оплотом/оставаться оплотом;
озима пшениця/озимая пшеница;
рівні продуктивності/уровни производительности;
організовувати виробництво/организовывать производство;
земля, яку оброблюють/земля, находящаяся под возделыванием.
Ex.4 Find the synonyms in the text to the following words:
To flow into, influence, to be concerned with, due to, to buy, famous, dry, at present, attempt, application, to carry out.
Ex. 5 Find in the text and write down terms to the following definitions.
a person or thing that corresponds to or has the same function as another person or thing in a different place or situation;
the science of breeding, rearing, and caring for farm animals;
to reproduce the conditions of (a situation, etc.), as in carrying out an experiment;
the distance from the top or surface to the bottom of something;
the knowledge and study of the languages and cultures of west, east, or central Asia.
Ex. 6 Say if the statements are true or false. Justify your answer.
The biggest lakes with fresh water are found in the south of Ukraine.
The depth of the Black Sea ranges from 30 to 2000 m.
Academies of Sciences of CIS countries are responsible to Academician Boris Paton.
The Dnieper belongs to two countries.
UNESCO is an international research and educational centre for information technologies and systems.
Depending on its part the Sea of Azov can be either bitter or salty.
Ukrainian science is represented by a little more than one and a half thousand establishments.
The scientific works of Ukrainian scholars can be easily read by foreign colleagues.
Ex. 7 Answer the following questions:
What spheres of science have Ukrainian scholars contributed to?
What is the Black Sea famous for?
What has been done to overcome the environmental consequences after the explosion at Chornobyl plant?
What are the main constituents of the country’s agriculture?
What do Ukrainian works of space industry output?
What is special about rivers having their sources in the mountains?
What benefits is space industry restructuring supposed to bring?
What is known about the Dnister?
Ex. 8 Describe 5 main kinds of Ukrainian transport.
Ex. 9 Examine the reasons of agricultural production development in Ukraine.
that there is a difference between a middle school, a junior high school and a high school.
Ex. 10 Prove that the country’s scientific achievements are greatly valued abroad.
Ex. 11 Explain why some Ukrainian cities suffer from lack of water despite of dozens of rivers the country has.
Ex. 12 Discuss the text according to the points:
transport system of Ukraine;
water resources;
the future of Ukraine as a scientific country;
Ukrainian space industry.
U
NIT
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