Міністерство освіти і науки україни

ХЕРСОНСЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ ТЕХНІЧНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ

Кафедра іноземних мов

Реєстр. № _____________________

Методичні рекомендації

та індивідуальні завдання для самостійної роботи студентів

з дисципліни Іноземна мова за професійним спрямуванням

(англійська)

для студентів І-ІІ курсу

напряму підготовки 6.030510 “Товарознавство і торговельне

підприємництво”

галузі знань 0305 „Економіка та підприємництво”

факультету технологій та дизайну

Херсон – 2013

Методичні рекомендації та індивідуальні завдання для самостійної роботи студентів І-ІІ курсу напряму підготовки 6.030510 “Товарознавство і торговельне підприємництво” з дисципліни “Iноземна мова за професійним спрямуванням” (англійська).

Укладач: викл. Залєська Ю.О., кількість сторінок 65

Рецензент: Приходько О.О.

Затверджено

на засіданні кафедри ________

протокол №___ від _________

Зав. кафедри ______________

Відповідальний за випуск зав.каф. доц. Подвойська О.В.

Методичні рекомендації до самостійної роботи для студентів І-ІІ курсу напряму підготовки 6.030510 “Товарознавство і торговельне підприємництво” складені згідно з робочою програмою вивчення нормативної дисципліни “Iноземна мова за професійним спрямуванням” (англійська). Вони призначені для розвитку навиків та вмінь читання автентичної літератури загальноосвітньої, краєзнавчої та загальнонаукової тематики з метою вилучення інформації. Кожний урок (Unit) містить текст або тексти англійською мовою, що підібрані з сучасної оригінальної літератури на загальноосвітню, країнознавчу та науково-популярну тематику, лексичних та комунікативних завдань для контролю розуміння тексту. Пропонуються лексичні завдання, завдання на встановлення співвідношення з множинним вибором, завдання на вирішення вірної чи невірної інформації тексту. Також надаються завдання творчого характеру для розвитку навиків усного мовлення за темою заняття. До кожного уроку надається тематичний словник, що складається з термінів відповідної тематики.

U NIT 1

Education in the United States of America

Ex. 1 Study the vocabulary.

available [ə'veɪləbl]	Доступний/Доступный
school board	Шкільна рада/школьный совет
eligible ['elɪʤəbl]	який має право за законом/имеющий право, пригодный
elementary school	Початкова школа/начальная школа
middle school	«проміжна» школа/"промежуточная школа"
high school	Середня школа/средняя школа
summer recess	Літні канікули/летние каникулы
to be referred to as	Називатися/именовать, называться
elective [ɪ'lektɪv]	Необов’язковий/необязательный, факультативный
remedial class	Коригувальний курс/коррективный курс
sophomore	Другокурсник/1. второкурсник; 2. учащийся десятого класса школы (возраст 15-16 лет).
junior	Третьокурсник/1. ученик одиннадцатого класса; 2. студент третьего курса
senior	Студент останнього курсу перед отриманням диплому бакалавра/1. ученик выпускного класса; 2. студент последнего курса перед получением степени бакалавра
mandatory	Обов’язковий/обязательный, принудительный
life sciences	Науки про живу природу/науки о живой природе (биология, медицина и т.п.)
physical sciences	Природничі науки/естественные науки (химия, физика, астрономия и т.д.)
health sciences	Медично-санітарні дисципліни/медико-санитарные дисциплины
junior college	Коледж нижчого ступеню/колледж низшей ступени (2года)
senior college	Коледж вищого ступеню/колледж высшей ступени (4года)
ACT (American College Test)	«Тест американського коледжу»/"Тест американского колледжа" (Определяет общий образовательный уровень абитуриентов по английскому языку, математике, гуманитарным и естественным наукам).
SAT (Scholastic Assessment Test)	Відбірний тест/отборочный тест (предлагается абитуриентам и студентам, в том числе иностранным. Определяет знание английского языка (грамматики и лексики) и математики в объеме средней школы.)
GPA (grade point average)	Середній бал/средний балл (в школе, университете)
prerequisite [pri'rekwɪzɪt]	Необхідний як передумова/ необходимый как предварительное условие
community college	Місцевий (громадський) коледж/ местный [общинный] колледж (готовит специалистов средней квалификации для работы на территории местного сообщества)
Аssociate's degree	Ступінь молодшого спеціаліста/ степень младшего специалиста
tuition [tju'ɪʃ(ə)n]	Плата за навчання/плата за обучение
major ['meɪdʒə]	Спеціалізація/специализация (основной предмет, в котором специализируется студент, выбирается на четвертом курсе, непосредственно перед получением степени бакалавра).
health insurance	Медичне страхування/медицинское страхование
room and board	Повний пансіон/полный пансион (предоставляется за отдельную плату студенту колледжа или университета. Предполагает проживание в общежитии и питание в столовой общежития.)
curriculum	Навчальний план, програма/учебный план, учебная программа
require	Вимагати/требовать
approved	Схвалений/одобренный; принятый; утверждённый
vary	Відрізнятися/отличаться, различаться, варьировать
catering	Годити/угождать, потворствовать
art classes	Уроки художньої освіти/уроки художественного образования
rudimentary algebra	Елементарна алгебра/элементарная алгебра
English proficiency	Володіння англійською мовою/владение английским языком
fundamentals	Основи/основы (науки)
overlap	Частково співпадати/заходить один за другой; частично совпадать
Science	Природничі науки/естественные науки
Social sciences	Суспільні науки/общественные (социальные) науки
environmental science	Енвіроніка/энвироника (наука об окружающей среде)
forensic science	Криміналістика/криминалистика
Nutrition	Харчування/питание; кормление
Vocational education	Професійно-технічне навчання/ профессионально-техническое обучение
Visual arts	Образотворчі мистецтва/ изобразительные искусства (включая кино и телевидение)
Performing arts	Виконавські види мистецтва/ исполнительские виды искусства (драма, музыка, танцы)
consumer science	Наука про споживачів/ потребительская наука (академическая дисциплина, комбинирующая аспекты социологии и естествознания)
Family science	Родинознавство/семьеведение
Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps	Служба позавійськової підготовки молодших офіцерів запасу/ служба вневойсковой подготовки младших офицеров запаса
Submit	Подавати на розгляд/представлять на рассмотрение
to pursue a degree	Вчитися на/учиться на (бакалавра, магистра и т.д.)
part-time	Той, що навчається в режимі неповного дня/обучающийся в режиме неполного дня [неполной недели]
living expenses	Витрати на утримання/расходы на содержание
annual	Щорічний, річний/ ежегодный; годичный, годовой
average	Середній/средний

Ex. 2 Read and translate the text. Using a dictionary, translate paragraphs 2, 3, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 29 in writing.

1. Education in the United States is mainly provided by the public sector, with control and funding coming from three levels: local, state, and federal, in that order. Child education is compulsory, and there are also a large number and wide variety of higher education institutions throughout the country that one can choose to attend, both publicly and privately administered.

2 .Public education is universally available. School curricula, funding, teaching, employment, and other policies are set through locally elected school boards. The American educational system comprises 12 grades of study over 12 calendar years of primary and secondary education before graduating, and often becoming eligible for admission to higher education.

3.The age range for which school attendance is required varies from state to state. It begins from ages five to eight and ends from ages fourteen to eighteen. Compulsory education requirements can generally be satisfied by educating children in public schools, state-certified private schools, or an approved home school program. In most public and private schools, education is divided into three levels: elementary school, middle school (sometimes called junior high school), and high school (sometimes referred to as secondary education).

4.In almost all schools at these levels, children are divided by age groups into grades, ranging from kindergarten (followed by first grade) for the youngest children in elementary school (5-6 years old), up to twelfth grade, the final year of high school (17-18 years old). The exact age range of students in these grade levels varies slightly from area to area. Some states allow students to leave school between 14–17 with parental permission, before finishing high school; other states require students to stay in school until age 18.

5.In large cities, sometimes there are private preschools catering to the children of the wealthy. Because some wealthy families see these schools as the first step toward an elite college education, there are even counselors who specialize in assisting parents and their toddlers through the preschool admissions process.

6 .Most parents send their children to either a public or private institution. According to government data, one-tenth of students are enrolled in private schools. Parents may also choose to educate their own children at home; 1.7% of children are educated in this manner. Many select moral or religious reasons for homeschooling their children. The second main category is "unschooling," those who prefer a non-standard approach to education.

7 .The American school year traditionally begins at the end of August or the day after Labor Day in September, after the traditional summer recess and ends in late May or early June.

8.There are often three school start times: for elementary, for middle/junior high, and for high school. Elementary schools starts at 7:30, middle schools/junior high school starts at 8:15 and senior high schools at 9:00. However, all school districts establish their own times.

9.There are more than 16000 school districts in the country. 440,000 yellow school buses carry over 24 million students to and from schools.

10.Primary education is represented by Elementary school which includes kindergarten through fifth grade (or sometimes, to fourth grade, sixth grade or eighth grade). Most children enter the public education system around ages five or six.

11.Basic subjects are taught in elementary school, and students often remain in one classroom throughout the school day, except for physical education, library, music, and art classes. In general, a student learns basic arithmetic and sometimes rudimentary algebra in mathematics, English proficiency (such as basic grammar, spelling, and vocabulary), and fundamentals of other subjects.

12.Typically, the curriculum in public elementary education is determined by individual school districts. The school district selects curriculum guides and textbooks that reflect a state's learning standards and benchmarks for a given grade level.

S econdary education in the United States refers to the last six or seven years of statutory formal education. Secondary education is generally split between junior high school or middle school, usually beginning with sixth or seventh grade (at or around age 11 or 12), and high school, beginning with ninth grade (at or around age 14) and progressing to 12th grade (ending at or around age 18).

13."Middle school" usually includes sixth, seventh and eighth grade; "Junior high school" typically includes seventh, eighth, and ninth grades. Middle schools (still commonly called by the older names "junior high school" and "intermediate school") are schools that span grades 6 through 8 or 9. Schools that overlap the 9th grade typically are referred to as "junior high schools". Both are between primary education/elementary education and high school. In school districts divided into middle and junior high schools, one of the main differences between the two is elective courses.

14.Upon arrival in middle school or junior high school, students begin to enroll in class schedules where they take classes from several teachers in a given day. The classes are usually a set of four or five (if foreign language is included in the curriculum) core academic classes (English or "language arts," science, mathematics, history or "social studies," and in some schools, foreign language) with two to four other classes, either electives, supplementary, or remedial academic classes.

15.A class period is the time allotted for one class session. A period is usually 30–90 minutes long. Most schools have 7-8 class short (30–45-minute) periods on their daily schedule, although some have an alternating block of 3–4 class periods each day (typically 90 minutes).

16.At middle/junior high school students are given more independence, moving to different classrooms for different subjects, and being allowed to choose some of their class subjects (electives).

17.Senior high school is a school attended after junior high school. High school is often used instead of senior high school and distinguished from junior high school. High school usually runs either from 9th through 12th, or 10th through 12th grade. The students in these grades are commonly referred to as freshmen (grade 9), sophomores (grade 10), juniors (grade 11) and seniors (grade 12).

18.Generally, at the high school level, students take a broad variety of classes without special emphasis in any particular subject. Students are required to take a certain minimum number of mandatory subjects, but may choose additional subjects ("electives") to fill out their required hours of learning.

1 9.The following minimum courses of study in mandatory subjects are required in nearly all U.S. high schools:

• Science (usually three years minimum, normally biology, chemistry and physics);

• Mathematics (usually four years minimum, normally including algebra, geometry, pre-calculus, statistics, and even calculus);

• English (usually four years minimum; many schools count journalism, public speaking/debate, foreign language, literature, drama, and writing (both technical and creative) classes as English/Language classes.etc.);

• Social sciences (usually three years minimum including various history, government/economics courses; they are world history, US History, government, and economics. Government and economics classes are sometimes combined as two semester courses. Additional study options can include classes in law (constitutional, criminal, or international), criminal justice, sociology, and psychology);

• P hysical education (at least two years, although some states and school districts require that all students take Physical Education every semester.

20.Courses such as physical and life science serve as introductory alternatives to those classes. Other science studies include geology, anatomy, astronomy, health science, environmental science, and forensic science. Many states require a "health" course in which students learn about anatomy, nutrition, first aid, sexuality, drug awareness and birth control. In some places contraception is not allowed to be taught for religious reasons. Anti-drug use programs are also usually part of health courses. Foreign language and some form of art education are also a mandatory part of the curriculum in some schools.

Common types of electives include:

• Computer science/information technology (word processing, programming, graphic design, video game design, music production, film production);

• A thletics (football, baseball, basketball, track and field, swimming, tennis, gymnastics, water polo, soccer, softball, wrestling, cheerleading, volleyball, lacrosse, ice hockey, field hockey, boxing, skiing/snowboarding, golf, mountain biking);

• Vocational education (woodworking, metalworking, computer-aided drafting, automobile repair, agriculture, cosmetology);

• Visual arts (drawing, sculpture, painting, photography, film studies, and art history);

• Performing arts (choir, drama, band, orchestra, dance, guitar)

• Journalism/publishing (school newspaper, yearbook, television production, literary magazine)

• Foreign languages (French, German, Italian, and Spanish are common; Chinese, Japanese, Ancient Greek, Arabic, Russian, Greek, Latin, Korean, Dutch, and Portuguese are less common);

• B usiness Education (Accounting, Data Processing, Entrepreneurship, Finance, Business, Information and Communication Technology, Management, Marketing, and Secretarial);

• Family and consumer science/health (nutrition, nursing, culinary, child development, and additional physical education and weight training classes);

• Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps.

Some American high schools offer drivers' education. At some schools, a student can take it during school as a regular course for a credit. At some schools, drivers’ education courses are only available after school.

2 1.All American states must test students in public schools statewide to ensure that they are achieving the desired level of minimum education. Students and schools must show some improvement each year. When a student fails to make adequate yearly progress, he is obliged to attend summer school to catch up.

22.Post-secondary education in the United States is known as college or university and commonly consists of four years of study at an institution of higher learning. There are 4,495 colleges, universities, and junior colleges in the country.

23.Like high school, the four undergraduate grades are commonly called freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior years (alternatively called first year, second year, etc.). Students traditionally apply for admission into colleges.

24.Students can apply to some colleges using the Common Application. There is no limit to the number of colleges or universities to which a student may apply, though an application must be submitted for each. With a few exceptions, most undergraduate colleges and universities maintain the policy that students are to be admitted to (or rejected from) the entire college, not to a particular department or major. Some students, rather than being rejected, are "wait-listed" for a particular college and may be admitted if another student who was admitted decides not to attend the college or university. The five major parts of admission are ACT/SAT scores, GPA, College Application, Essay, and Letters of Recommendation. Not all colleges require essays or letters of recommendation, though they are often proven to increase chances of acceptance. Medicine, pharmacy, and dentistry have set prerequisite courses that must be taken before enrollment.

2 5.Two-year colleges (often but not always community colleges) usually offer the associate's degree such as an Associate of Arts, although some community colleges offer a limited number of bachelor's degrees. Some community college students choose to transfer to a four-year institution to pursue a bachelor's degree. Community colleges are generally publicly funded and offer career certifications and part-time programs. Community colleges often have open admissions, with generally lower tuition than other state or private schools. Some community colleges have automatic enrollment agreements with a local four-year college, where the community college provides the first two years of study and the university provides the remaining years of study, sometimes all on one campus. The community college awards the associate's degree and the university awards the bachelor's and master's degrees.

26.Four-year institutions may be public or private colleges or universities. Most public institutions are state universities. State universities are organized in a wide variety of ways, and many are part of a state university system. Some private institutions are large research universities, while others are small liberal arts colleges that concentrate on undergraduate education. Curriculum varies widely depending on the institution. Typically, an undergraduate student will be able to select an academic major or concentration, which comprises the main or special subjects, and students may change their major one or more times.

27.The most common method consists of four years of study leading to a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.), a Bachelor of Science (B.S.), Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.,) or sometimes another bachelor's degree.

Graduate study, conducted after obtaining an initial degree and sometimes after several years of professional work, leads to a more advanced degree such as a master's degree, which could be a Master of Arts (MA), Master of Science (MS), Master of Business Administration (MBA), or other less common master's degrees such as Master of Education (MEd), and Master of Fine Arts (MFA). Some students pursue a graduate degree that is in between a master's degree and a doctoral degree called a Specialist in Education (Ed.S.).

28.After additional years of study and sometimes in conjunction with the completion of a master's degree and/or Ed.S. degree, students may earn a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) or other doctoral degree.

2 9.Annual undergraduate tuition varies widely from state to state. In 2009, average annual tuition at a public university (for residents of the state) was $7,020. Tuition for public school students from outside the state is generally comparable to private school prices.

30.Depending upon the type of school and program, annual graduate program tuition can vary from $15,000 to as high as $50,000. Note that these prices do not include living expenses (rent, room/board, etc.) or additional fees that schools add on such as "activities fees" or health insurance. These fees, especially room and board, can range from $6,000 to $12,000 per academic year.

31.The mean annual Total Cost (including all costs associated with a full-time post-secondary schooling, such as tuition and fees, books and supplies, room and board) for 2010:

Public University (4 years): $27,967 (per year)

Private University (4 years): $40,476 (per year)

The total cost of all higher education in 2002 was $289 billion.

Ex. 3 Give the English equivalents to the words and words-combinations:

• Державна освіта/государственное образование;

• Курс, необхідний як передумова/курс, необходимый как предварительное условие;

• Приватна школа, офіційно схвалена державою/частная школа, официально одобренная государством;

• Заможна родина/состоятельная семья;

• Порівняний з/сравнимый с чем-либо;

• В масштабі штату/в масштабе штата;

• Частково збігатися/частично совпадать;

• Відображати критерії/отражать критерии;

• Релігійна причина/религиозная причина;

• Бути занесеним до листа очікування/быть внесенным в лист ожидания;

• Елементарна алгебра/элементарная алгебра.

Ex.4 Find the synonyms in the text to the following words:

A second-year student, payment for studying, to get a degree, compulsory, improvement, to be called, a treaty, to vary, to choose, to include, additional course.

Ex. 5 Find in the text and write down terms to the following definitions.

• officially register as a member of an institution or a student on a course;

• an institution of higher education; part of a university;

• an academic rank conferred by a college or university after examination or after completion of a course of study;

• the act or process of acquiring knowledge, esp. systematically during childhood and adolescence;

• the principal field of study of a student at a university.

Ex. 6 Say if the statements are true or false. Justify your answer.

1. The American government requires that all five-year-old children must attend elementary school.

2. For a student who doesn’t live in the state where his college is located tuition is twice as low.

3. At a middle school students may study the subject they like.

4. If a student isn’t satisfied with a major he has chosen, he has the right to take another one.

5. A school district is responsible for the curriculum, school start times and textbooks.

6. Students of a high school and those of a university have nothing in common.

7. If a student is rejected from a department he has applied to, he won’t be enrolled to this institution at all.

8. You can take Master’s degree courses in case you’ve had a professional job for some time.

Ex. 7 Answer the following questions:

1. At what age can pupils give up studying?

2. What is post-secondary education represented by?

3. Why does the duration of a period range from 30 to 90 minutes?

4. What academic degrees are available in the USA?

5. What are the main distinctive features of elementary school?

6. What has a student to spend money for if going to an American university?

7. In what case does a student take a remedial academic class?

8. Does a “wait-listed” student have a possibility to go to the university?

Ex. 8 Explain why some parents prefer to home-school their children.

Ex. 9 Prove that there is a difference between a middle school, a junior high school and a high school.

Ex. 10 Examine the advantages and disadvantages of two-year colleges.

Ex. 11 Describe the main requirements to an American undergraduate applicant.

Ex. 12 Discuss the text according to the points:

• school districts and boards;

• mandatory subjects;

• electives;

• post-secondary education;

• tuition.

UNIT 2

“ Studying is our life, but our life is not only studying...”

Ex. 1 Study the vocabulary.

require [rɪ'kwaɪə]	Вимагати/приказывать, требовать
review	Повторення вивченого матеріалу/ повторение пройденного материала
To become apparent	Виявлятися/обнаруживаться, выявляться
achieve	Досягати/добиваться, достигать
Primal Scream	Первісний крик/Первобытный крик
UCLA (University of California at Los Angeles) mascot	Талісман Каліфорнійського університету в Лос-Анджелесі/талисман Калифорнийского университета в Лос-Анджелесе
rub [rʌb]	Терти/тереть, протирать
рarticipate (in)	Приймати участь/участвовать, принимать участие
commencement [kə'men(t)smənt]	Церемонія присвоєння вчених ступенів і вручення дипломів/церемония присвоения учёных степеней и вручения дипломов
campus	Кампус/кампус, территория университета или школы, студенческий городок
borrow ['bɔrəu]	Позичати/занимать, брать на время
quad [kwɔd] (сокр. от quadrangle)	Чотирикутний двір/четырёхугольный двор (обычно школьный или в университетском городке)
design [dɪ'zaɪn]	Проектувати/проектировать; конструировать
suspension bridge	Висний міст/висячий мост
howl [haul]	Вити/выть, завывать
matriculation	Зарахування в ВНЗ/1) зачисление в высшее учебное заведение 2) вступительные экзамены в высшее учебное заведение
toss [tɔs]	Кидати/бросать, кидать, швырять
pep rally	Зустріч, мета якої підняти дух людей/встреча, цель которой поднять дух людей (особенно перед спортивным соревнованием)
push-up ['puʃʌp]	Зарядка/зарядка
volume	Рівень гучності/уровень громкости
Aggie	«аграрій»/1) сельскохозяйственное училище или колледж 2) "аграрий" (пренебрежительное прозвище студентов сельскохозяйственных институтов)
а date	Той, з ким призначено побачення/тот, с кем назначено свидание
annual	Щорічний/ежегодный
maintain	Підтримувати/поддерживать
uphold	підтримувати,затверджувати/поддерживать
Dead Week	Мертва неділя/Мертвая неделя
notorious	Сумнозвісний/печально известный; пресловутый;
propensity (to, for)	Схильність/склонность, предрасположение; пристрастие
suffer from	Страждати від/Страдать от
sleep deprivation	Недосипання/недостаток сна, недосыпание
irritability	Дратівливість/раздражительность
dormitory	Гуртожиток/общежитие
assignment	Завдання/задание
extended	Продовжений/продлённый; отсроченный
“shot fairy”	«Втомлена фея»/«уставшая фея»
prior to	До, перед/до, до момента, перед
serve	Накривати на стіл/накрывать на стол; подавать
cancel	Відміняти/отменять
reading period	Час на підготовку до екзаменів/время, которое даётся студентам на подготовку к экзамену
in any event	Так чи інакше/так или иначе
release	Звільняти/избавлять, освобождать
strip off	Роздягатися/раздеваться
streaker	Стрікер/стрикер (тот, кто пробегает нагишом по футбольному полю, улице и т.п.)
buttocks	Сідниці/зад, ягодицы
forbidden	Заборонений/запретный; запрещённый
leap	Стрибати/прыгать, скакать
refreshments	Закуски і напої/закуски и напитки
complete	Завершити/завершать, заканчивать
guardian angel	Янгел-охоронець/ангел-хранитель
tap	Постукати/постукивать, хлопать
originate	Виникнути/происходить, возникать
parade	Проходити парадом/проходить парадом, шествовать
set afire	Підпалювати/поджигать
cemetery	Цвинтар/кладбище
Midnight Yell Practice	Північний крик/Полуночный Крик
away game	Виїзна гра/выездная игра
excite	Спонукати/побуждать, стимулировать, призывать к деятельности
assemble	Збирати, скликати/собирать, созывать
midfield	Центр поля/центр поля, зона полузащиты
score	Забивати гол/забивать гол
dateless	Який не має партнера/не имеющий партнёра
treat	Ставитися/обращаться, вести себя, относиться

Ex. 2 Read and translate the text. Using a dictionary, translate paragraphs 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 15, 20, 21, 22 in writing.

1.Entering the university is a serious step in your life. You must study hard to get a good education and ... all this sounds so deterrent and boring at the same time. But let’s have a look at the student’s life from the other side! There’s nothing quite as fun as a college can be, as long as you approach it with the right attitude and remember that this is indeed your life. You don’t get to go to college twice (well, unless you become one of those endless students), so enjoy it! There are a lot of traditions gladly maintained by students, because they make the student’s life bright and unbelievable. Some traditions are common all over the world; others are upheld only by individual universities.

2.As studying at the university is certainly associated with taking exams, no wonder that many traditions concern these “hard times”.

3 .The week before schools' final examinations in the United States of America is slangily called Dead week. The week is known thus because of its notorious stress; the propensity of college and university students to save exam study until the last possible week; and because most professors have term papers and projects due throughout the week. Students prepare for the exams and papers by pulling all-night study sessions, often with the aid of stimulants such as coffee, caffeine tablets, and energy drinks. During this period, some students will suffer from sleep deprivation, increased irritability, and stress. At some schools, this week is referred to as Hell Week, Reading Period, or Reading Week. Dead Week has become an official University-recognized event.

4.Many campus halls require silence for most of the day during the week before finals, to aid to those studying for their finals or writing papers. There are 23/7 mandatory quiet hours in the student dormitories (the non-quiet, 24th hour is Rowdy Hour).

5.Depending on the school there may also be a moratorium on paper assignments, exams, and student organizational activities during dead week. Libraries may also be open for extended hours, or might stay available all night. At Dartmouth College, the libraries are covertly patrolled by volunteer "shot fairies" who offer drink and good company to students preparing for final exams. At The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, there is only one day for reviewing, known as Reading Day. Reading Day falls on a Thursday and Final Exams begin the Friday after. Typically, the Wednesday night prior to Reading Day is marked by the last major parties of the year. At Longwood University, the Sunday evening before exams features a "Midnight Breakfast," where professors and administrators serve breakfast food and drinks as students prepare for Finals. At the University of Colorado at Boulder, the university administrators canceled the reading period after it became apparent that students were partying instead of studying and Pacific Lutheran University calls dead week simply "Drinking Time."

6.In any event students want to pass their exams successfully, so they do their best to find different ways of achieving the goal. One of the commonest and most popular traditions is The Primal Scream. Students open their doors and windows and scream for good luck as loudly as they can (usually at midnight) on one or all nights of the dead week. The popularity of the "primal scream" is so great that students practice the tradition at various points during the middle of terms as well (before midterms), and sometimes on ordinary Thursday nights, just to celebrate the end of the week for some students. At Carnegie Mellon University, the primal scream is accompanied by a barbecue. Free coffee is offered at several dining locations from 8pm to 8am.

7 .However, as the temperature drops below zero and final exams creep closer and closer, Harvard students need some sort of release. So when the clock strikes midnight, signaling the end of reading period, stressed Harvard students rush outside and the festivities begin. The Harvard band plays, the students strip off their clothes and run down the street. At Yale University, the Pundits, a nominally anonymous student group, organizes a naked run through Bass Library, where many students study for their exams. The event is usually around midnight and the runners hand out candies to the crowd. Some of the streakers will "dress up" in capes and masks, or top hat and tails, but their genitalia are still exposed.

8.The students of the University of California have a large statue of the UCLA mascot, the Bruin, situated near the student union. By tradition they rub his right hind paw for luck before exams.

9.Not to be bored to death American students start funny, sometimes even strange traditions. At the University of Virginia before students graduate, they must run naked from the Rotunda down the Lawn to the statue of Homer (which must be kissed on the buttocks) and then back to the Rotunda.

1 0.At Georgetown University there is a statue of John Carroll, the founder of Georgetown, located at the entrance of the campus. Before they graduate, students try to have their photo taken in Carroll's lap. As it is forbidden (the architects consider such activities damage the statue), the usual game plan is to leap into John Carroll's lap, have a friend snap the picture, and make a run for it.

At Columbia University, at midnight the eve of the first Monday of finals, students participate in a Spring Pillow Fight.

11.At Marist College in the spring semester there is "Senior Week" which refers to the week between the end of finals and Commencement. "River Fest," held on Marist's bank of the Hudson River, typifies the tenor of the week, featuring fireworks, music, and refreshments; River Fest is widely viewed as an event where graduating seniors see their professors for the last time.

12.At Young Harris College students walk the entire length of the campus front wall. If a student falls off or doesn't complete the walk then they must start from the beginning. Also, a tradition states that if a student steps on the seal on the plaza then they will fail their exams.

1 3.At the University of Southern California during the final week of classes in the spring semester, graduating seniors run through every one of the school's various fountains in a tradition known as the 'Fountain Run'.

14.The giant picturesque campus of The University of the South is said to be home to angels, which you can borrow as your own guardian angel whenever you leave. You simply need to tap the roof of your car as you drive through the gates to "pick up" your angel, and you tap it again when you return to "release" it.

15.At Bucknell University during the first week of their second semester, first-year students serenade the president of the university. During both their first and last weeks on campus, students gather in a circle in the quad overlooking the hills at sunset for a class candle-lighting ceremony. The Chrysalis Ball is held for students and faculty.

1 6.At Cornell University Dragon Day originated as a rivalry between the architecture and engineering departments. Every St. Patrick's Day, first-year architectural students design and build a several-story-high dragon and parade it through campus. Costumed students guide the beast across the campus and then set it afire in the middle of the Arts Quad. Each spring on Hill Day, students celebrate the return of warm weather with a rock concert and picnic on the Libe Slope. Legend has it that any couple that kisses in the middle of the suspension bridge will end up getting married.

17.Students of Georgetown University have a rather strange tradition. On Halloween they watch horror films and around midnight students gather in the cemetery on campus to howl at the moon.

18.Kenyon College has a singing tradition. Freshmen sing in front of the school during matriculation week, and seniors sing in front of their families at graduation.

19.At one of Los Angeles Colleges on their birthdays students are ceremoniously tossed into the college's Gilman Fountain by their fellow students.

2 0.Midnight Yell Practice is a tradition at Texas A&M (Agricultural and Mechanical)University. Midnight Yell is similar to a pep rally. On the night before each home football game, Midnight Yell takes place in Kyle Field at midnight; two nights before each away game, a Yell Practice (not at midnight) is held near the Quadrangle on the south side of campus. At midnight on the night before an away game Midnight Yell is held in or near the opponent's city. For example, if the annual game against the University of Texas is held in Austin the Midnight Yell is held on the steps of the Texas State Capitol.

21.Besides exciting the crowd, Midnight Yell introduces the student body to any new yells and to practice changes to existing yells. All yell practices are led by the Yell Leaders, a set of five students who are elected to one-year terms by the student body. At first the junior Yell Leaders assemble at midfield and begin doing pushups. The pushups last for approximately nine minutes (3 songs about 3 minutes each). The five Yell Leaders then arrange themselves in front of the stands and begin leading the yells. All yells are coordinated using hand signals. When the yell is ready to begin, the head Yell Leader gives a signal and the crowd tries to maximize the volume of t heir voices. It generally numbers 20,000 to 25,000 people. The school songs are sung, the Yell Leaders will also tell two fables about how the Aggies are going to beat their opponent the next day.

2 2.At one point during the night the stadium lights are turned off and, traditionally, Aggies are supposed to kiss their dates. This relates to another student tradition: "When One Aggie Scores, All Aggies Score." When the Aggies score a touchdown, safety, or field goal, everyone in the student body who has brought a date to the game kisses his/her date. If no date is present, single students light their cigarette lighters to make it easier for two dateless people to find each other in the dark.

After a victorious home football game, the Yell Leaders are thrown into Fish Pond by the freshmen.

23.In a word, University life is actually a good preparation for understanding how life works, once you graduate too. It is all about finding and striking a balance. A little partying is healthy, but so is studying. Nobody can tell you what that balance is going to look like exactly for you, since everyone is unique and different. But finding it is something that you should treat as a priority!

Ex. 3 Give the English equivalents to the words and words-combinations:

• підвищена дратівливсть/повышенная раздражительность;

• проводити письмову роботу/проводить письменную (контрольную) работу;

• розглядати як першочергову задачу/рассматривать в качестве первоочередной задачи;

• підтримувати традиції/поддерживать традиции;

• робити зарядку/делать зарядку;

• недосипання/недосыпание;

• завивати на місяць/выть на луну;

• ніч перед/ночь перед чем-либо;

• дракон, створений з декількох ярусів/дракон, созданный из нескольких ярусов;

• виявлятися/обнаруживаться, выявляться;

• застрибувати комусь в пелену/запрыгивать кому-то в подол.

Ex.4 Find the synonyms in the text to the following words:

Laborious, bear in mind, hostel, purpose, customary, to attend, to take part in, to throw, to finish, floor, competition.

Ex. 5 Find in the text and write down terms to the following definitions.

• a ceremony in which degrees or diplomas are conferred on university or high-school students;

• to cause or enable (a condition or situation) to continue;

• a story or legend about supernatural or mythical characters or events;

• a temporary prohibition of an activity;

• an association of students at a university or college formed to look after the students' interests, provide facilities for recreation.

Ex. 6 Say if the statements are true or false. Justify your answer.

1. During the Dead Week one can stay at the library as long as he needs and order a drink if he is thirsty.

2. Yell Leaders celebrate the Aggies’ victory in the water.

3. If you are seen leaping into Carroll’s lap, you will have your photo taken and then you will be punished.

4. The Primal Scream is celebrating the end of Dead Week during which students have a barbeque and free coffee.

5. The University of the South offers free guardians to its students.

6. If a Virginia University student kisses the statue of Homer, he’ll graduate with an honour degree.

7. Kenyon students often express their feelings by means of art.

8. Dragon Day is a day when students wear dragon costumes, make barbeque on a fire and play rock music.

Ex. 7 Complete the sentences with the appropriate ending.

1.The University of California	a. a statue of the ancient Greek poet
2.Georgetown	b. farewell to dear teachers
3.The University of Virginia	c. strange gifts
4.The University of the South	d. a statue of a bear
5.The Marist College	e. a statue of the city’s founder
6.Los-Angeles College	f. the skies

Ex. 8 Answer the following questions:

1. What is the end of the reading period characterized by at Harvard and Yale Universities?

2. Why is the 24^th hour during Dead week called Rowdy Hour?

3. How can a bachelor be determined at a university football match?

4. What can happen if a Young Harris College student won’t manage the wall trip?

5. By what reason was the reading period cancelled at some universities?

6. How does the Bruin help Californian students?

7. What students’ tradition wouldn’t be approved by fearful people?

8. What should fans of the Aggies do when they score a goal?

Ex. 9 Explain what is the difference between The Primal Scream and Midnight Yell at Texas University.

Ex. 10 Describe the aims and the procedure of holding Midnight Yell.

Ex. 11 Prove that The Dead Week is stressful for most American students.

Ex. 12 Discuss the text according to the points

• Dead Week;

• Primal Scream;

• Traditions of freshmen;

• Traditions of seniors.

U NIT 3