14. Phonological and graphological means of stylistics

- spacing of graphemes (hyphenation, multiplication - is used to intensify a grapheme or render the prolonged pronunciation)

- all changes of the type (Italics, Bold type, capitalization/its absence - are used to add more logical or emotive significance to a word or a sentence)

- unusual use of punctuation

- intentional violation of spelling

15. Graphon and its stylistic potential

Graphon - intentional violation of the graphical shape of a word (or word combination) used to reflect its authentic pronunciation.

Graphon is an effective means of supplying information about the character's origin, social and educational background, physical or psychological condition, etc.

In American English graphon is widely used to represent the peculiarities of Africo-Amencan dialect.

The functions of graphon are to individualize the character's speech, to convey informal character communication.

Graphological devices are by no means the exclusive province of literature. They are widely employed in newspaper headlines and advertisements. Such advertisements surely will attract customers' attention.

e.g. gonna, wanna, ‘cause, whutcha

16. The notions of versification and instrumentation

There are certain patterns of sound arrangement. The use of these patterns alongside with other language means may create various stylistic effects and contribute greatly to poetic effect. The patterns of sound arrangement include versification and instrumentation.

VERSIFICATION is the art of writing poetry in keeping with certain rules based on language regularities and poets' experience. The main concepts of versification are rhyme and rhythm.

RHYME is the correspondence of two or more words with similar-sounding final syllables placed so as to echo one another.:

*exact (sounds following the vowel sound are the same: red and bread); *slant (final consonant sounds are the same but the vowel sounds are different: sun rhyming with bone).

Types: 1)end rhyme; 2)internal rhyme. TRUE RHYMES: *masculine – 2words end with the same vow-cons combination; *feminine – 2 syllables rhyme; *trysillabic – 3 syllables rhyme. OTHER TYPES: =eye rhyme (cough-slough); =pararhyme (grand-grind); =weakened (bend-frightened).

Rhyme scheme – formal arrangement of rhymes. Types:

*COUPLETS (aa); *TRIPLE RHYMES (aaa); *CROSS RHYMES (abab); *FRAMING RHYMES (abba)

RHYTHM - the movement or sense of movement communicated by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables and by the duration of the syllables.

Metre - rhythmic pattern of a poetic line.

Foot - group of syllables forming a metrical unit: a unit of rhythm. Metrical foots: - trochee (* - ); - iambus ( - *); dactyl (* - - ); anapest ( - * *).

INSTRUMENTATION - the art of selecting and combining sounds in order to make the utterance expressive and melodic. It unites three basic SDs: alliteration, assonance and onomatopoeia.

Alliteration is the repetition of the same (or similar) sounds or sound clusters, usually consonants, of stressed syllables in neighbouring words or at short intervals within a line or passage, usually at word beginnings. The repetition of identical sounds is called full allit.. And the repetition of similar sounds g-k, t-d, p-b is called loose allit.(e.g. Sense and Sensibility)

Assonance is the repetition of similar vowel sounds, usually close together, to achieve a particular effect of euphony.

Onomatopoeia is the naming of a thing or action by a vocal imitation of the sound associated with it (e.g. buzz, hiss, zoom, whiz)