7. Integrating Diagrams and Tables

• Use the term figure for all kinds of diagrams, graphs and pictures; use the term table for all kinds of tables.

• Number every table and figure consecutively by chapter and give a brief title or caption. Do not number figures and tables by subchapters.

• Set the number and the title of the table above its body, thus:

Table 1.1.

Cultural specificity in the system of emoticons

Emotion Tradition	happiness	sadness	fear	anger	surprise
Western tradition	: )	: (	: - O	>: (	:О
Eastern tradition	(^_^)	(<_>)	(O_O)	( \_/ )	(o_O)

• Set the number and the title of the figure below its body, thus:

Figure 2.1. Types of shortening in Modern English

• Include diagrams and tables into the text of the paper if they are not longer than a page.

• If a figure / table is placed directly into the text, the text may appear above or below the figure / table; no text may wrap around the figure / table.

• Refer to the relevant figure by number, for example, ‘as Figure 2.1. shows, the most productive means of word-formation in Modern English are …’.

• Put diagrams and tables into an appendix if they are longer than a page.

• Number the diagrams and tables placed within the text in accordance with the order they occur in it.

• Refer to diagrams and tables in the appendix in accordance with the order they occur in it (see Appendix A. Table 4. Productive Means of Word-Formation).

• Do not put any punctuation marks after the headline of a figure or a table.

• For too long pages indicate Table 1 at the beginning and then at each page write ‘Table 1.1. (continued)’.

• For too wide tables or diagrams use Landscape Paper Size and do not place any text on the page containing the broad table.

8. Integrating Sources into the Text

• Avoid plagiarism, i.e. using other authors’ words or ideas without indicating the source. Even if you paraphrase or summarise other authors’ ideas, always indicate the source!

• Give bibliographical references in short form at relevant points in the text. A short reference consists of the surname of the author followed by the date of publication in parentheses, for example, Jones (1999).

• Provide page references when reference is made to a specific passage in a book or article. These appear after the date of publication and are preceded by a colon and a single space: Jones (1996: 296–299) or Jackson (1999: 79).

one author	(Cameron 2000: 5)
two authors	(Norton and Green 1991: 202)
for more than two authors use et al.	(Robson et al. 1988: 48)
for different works by the same author of the same year	(Asher 1966a: 51) (Asher 1966b: 14)
no author	the examples are borrowed from Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics (1997)

• When several short references occur within parentheses, use commas to separate different dates of publication and colons to separate different authors: (Brown 1965, 1967; Smith 1968). Multiple references must be listed in alphabetical order (for several names) and in chronological order (for several publications).

• For repeated citations use Latin abbreviations:

ibid. (in the same place)

relates to the same work, cited immediately before: it can refer to the same page; it can also refer to a different page.

(ibid: 35)

• Use direct quotations when the exact words of the source are important for your purpose.

• Quote accurately. Be careful to avoid mistakes of any kind. After copying a passage proofread your version comparing it with the original.

• Avoid using too long quotations (over 4 lines).

• Supply quotations by your commentary and account for the use of a quotation in the context.

• Start and end a quotation with quotation marks. Use single inverted commas unless a quoted extract includes another quotation within it; in this case the first quotation shall be included in double quotation marks and the second – in single quotation marks.

• Do not use « » to mark quotations.

• If a quotation contains punctuation marks (full stop, semi-colon, comma, question mark, exclamation mark, etc.) and the corresponding passage ends with the same punctuation mark, place the quotation mark after the punctuation mark.

• If use a direct quotation as a part of your sentence, integrate it in the following way:

Parents should make the language they speak with a bilingual child clear for him/her, as Arnberg (1991) puts it, ‘in order for children to make use of adult input in their own construction of language, this input must match the child’s level of development’ (1991: 110).

• If a work is by more than one author, use plural verb with the reference:

‘Quirk et al. (1985: 1045) point out that…’

• If a quotation is not a part of your sentence and is longer than about 30 words long, it must be 12 point text size, set out separately, single-spaced, indented about 1cm from the left and the right hand margins. Do not use quotation marks. For example:

There is vague agreement among linguists regarding the term phraseological loan which includes all types of idiom loans.

A phraseological loan is an idiom that has arisen through a full or part is borrowing of foreign prototype. It can be built upon the native language material on the basis of the motivation or model of a foreign language, which has become a new structurally semantic entity (Veisbergs 1999: 16).

• If some part of the quotation is not relevant for your paper, you may omit it. Indicate the omission by three ellipsis dots, e.g. ‘[…] language contacts for Latvian have been primarily one-sided, i.e., Latvian has borrowed from other languages but others have not borrowed from Latvian […]’ (Veisbergs 1999: 16).