37. The noun. Its general implicit (and dependent) grammatical meaning in the contrasted languages. Classes of nouns in the languages compared.

The noun is characterised in Eng and Ukr by a common lexico-grammatical nature of substantivity or thingness. Typologically isomorphic are the main paradigmatic classes of nouns: 1) common nouns: - Concrete (tree, house), -Abstract (fear, knowledge), -Collective (family, government), -Names of materials (iron, snow), -Class nouns (bird, desk); 2) proper names: -Names/Nicknames of people(s), nationals (Michael, the Dutch), -Family names (the Adams), -Geographical names(the Themes), -Names of companies, newspapers, journals(the Times).

Isomorphism is observed in such groups of nouns as 1) animate (boy, хлопець), inanimate (камінь, stone); 2) countable (ball, м’яч), and uncountable (air, honesty).

Allomorphism:

- augmentative suf in Ukr. (рука-ище), - diminutive (вухо, вушко);

- cat. of number: *Ukr. number forming inflexions are determined by the declension group (син – сини, снігур - снігурі), *dual number in Ukr. (два слова), *many nouns do not coincide in number in Engl. and Ukr. (Pl. barracks, goods, customs - Sg. казарма, товар, митниця; Sg. cream, yist, money - Pl. вершки, дріжджі, гроші); *some Engl. nouns have no clear number distinction (deer, sheep, Ukr. – only borrowed кенгуру, таксі);

- cat. of case (Eng. 2- Nom, Gen; Ukr. 7)

- cat.of gender (Ukr. 3, Engl. – natural distinction + as in pronouns)

- definiteness/indef. (in Eng.: shown by morphological means: article, pronoun; analytical: attributive clauses, appositions; in Ukr. pronouns(def/indef- якийсь, цей), -numerals(def/indef один), shifting of the indefinite noun into the final position of the sentence – Двері відчинилися і до класу ввійшов вчитель)

-declensions (Ukr. - 4).

38. The category of gender of nouns in the languages compared.

No gender distinctions: Finnish, Turkish, Eng. 2 genders – Ital., Spanish, Danish, French. 3 genders – Ukr., German.

Absence of the morph category of G in Eng. is proved by the unchanged attributive adjuncts to nouns (the great emperor, heroine, desire). However, there are possessive conjoint or possessive absolute pronouns to indicate the extralingual category of sex (his, her, mine). Some nouns indicate the sex of living beings by morphological means (-morphemes: boy-friend, girl-friend; -suffixes: actor – actress, - suppletively: king, queen). All lifeless things in Eng, unlike Ukr, are associated with the pron it (the neut. g.). In spoken Eng all strong or fearful animals, birds and natural phenomena or celestial objects are usually referred to masculine gender. All weaker, timid or sly animals and birds - fem. The names of celestial bodies may be fem., masc. and neuter. The countries - fam. Mythical, mythological and various abstract notions are treated depending on their corresponding meaning.

The morph. category of G in Ukr. is identified through: -separate inflexions of the adjunct/attribute; - inflexion of the finite form of the verb that conjugates with a noun. G in Ukr. (means): a) marked infl. in the nom. case (книжка, село, яйце); b) zero infl. (дуб, ніч); с) suf. or root suf. + endings (робітник, вчительк-а); d) modifying word: цей, такий (-a,-e).