- •8.Find homophones and translate them:
- •9.Transcribe the following homographs. State their different meanings, their equivalents in Russian.
- •11.Find the synonymic dominant. Give your reasons for your choice. Translate the synonyms into Russian.
- •13.Give derivational antonyms to the words:
- •14.Change the sentences so that they express the contrary meaning by using antonyms . State whether they proper or derivational.
- •15.Point out antonyms indicating place, direction, time, quality and quantity from pairs of antonyms, translate them into Russian.
- •16.Pick out antonyms from the sentences. Translate and analyze the proverbs.
- •17. Translate the word combinations into Russian.
- •18.State what part of speech each of the following words belong to. Read the pairs of words . And comment on the stress in them:
- •19.State what suffixes the nouns and adjectives are built with:
- •1. The object of lexicology. Links of lexicology with other branches of linguistics
- •Two Approaches to Language Study
- •2. Semasiology
- •Meaning as a Linguistic Notion
- •Referential or Analytical Definitions of Meaning
- •1.2 Functional or Contextual Definitions of Meaning
- •2. Types of Meaning
- •3. Aspects of Lexical Meaning
- •Word-Meaning and Motivation
- •Results of Semantic Change.
- •Polysemy
- •Polysemy and Context. Types of Context
- •Semantic classification of words
- •Antonymy. Classification of Antonyms
- •Word-formation
- •Various Types and Ways of Forming Words
- •Affixation
- •Prefixation. Classification of Prefixes
- •Productive and Non-Productive Affixes
- •Conversion
- •Word-composition
- •Classification of Compound Words
- •Lexical and Grammatical Valency
- •Types of Meaning of Word-Groups
- •Motivation in Word-Groups
- •Free Word-Groups Versus Phraseological Units Versus Words
- •Semantic Criterion
- •Syntactic Criterion
- •Types of Transference of Phraseological Units
- •Classification of Phraseological Units
- •Variants and dialects of the english language
- •Variants of English in the United Kingdom
- •Variants of English outside the British Isles
1. The object of lexicology. Links of lexicology with other branches of linguistics
The term “lexicology” is composed of two Greek morphemes: lexis denoting “word” and logos denoting “learning”. Thus the literal meaning of the term “lexicology” is “the science of the word”. In modern linguistics lexicology is one of the branches of science dealing with different properties of words and the vocabulary of a language.
The term “word” denotes the basic unit of a language resulting from the association of a particular meaning with a particular group of sounds capable of a particular grammatical employment. The word is a structural and semantic entity within the language system.
The term “vocabulary” is used to denote the system formed by the total sum of all the words that the language possesses.
Distinction is naturally made between General Lexicology and Special Lexicology.
The general study of words and vocabulary, irrespective of the specific features of any particular language, is known as General Lexicology.
Special Lexicology is the lexicology of a particular language (e.g. English, Russian, etc.), i.e. the study and description of its words and vocabulary. Special lexicology may be historical and descriptive.
The evolution of any vocabulary, as well as of its single elements, forms the object of Historical Lexicology. This branch of linguistics deals with the origin of various words, their change and development, and investigates the linguistic and extra-linguistic forces modifying their structure, meaning and usage.
Descriptive Lexicology deals with the vocabulary of a given language at a given stage of its development. It studies the functions of words and their specific structure as a characteristic inherent in the system.
Lexicology has close ties with other branches of linguistics as they also take into account words in one way or another approaching them from different angles.
There is a relationship between lexicology and phonetics since phonetics is also concerned with the study of the word, i.e. with the sound-form of the word. A close connection between lexicology and grammar is conditioned by the manifold ties between the objects of their study. Even isolated words as presented in a dictionary bear a definite relation to the grammatical system of the language because they belong to some part of speech and conform to some lexico-grammatical characteristics of the word class to which they belong. Lexicology is linked with the history of a language since the latter investigates the changes and the development of the vocabulary of a language. There is also a close relationship between lexicology and stylistics. Stylistics studies many problems treated in lexicology. There are the problems of meaning, synonymy, differentiation of vocabulary according to the sphere of communication and some other issues. Lexicology is bound up with sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics investigates the extra-linguistic or social causes of the changes in the vocabulary of a language.