5. Видо-врeменныe формы глагола

Present

Simple (Indefinite) Active

Образование

Употребление

Глагол −

С окончанием -s (-es) в 3 лице ед. ч.

Вопросительные и отрицательные формы с do, does

1) Для выражения длительных действий и состояний.

All energy comes from the sun.

2) Для выражения систематических действий.

3) В связи с расписанием.

The journalists write articles for “Ogonyok”. (пишут)

Do the journalists write articles for “Ogonyok”? (пишут)

Yes, they do. No, they do not.

The journalists do not write articles for “Ogonyok”. (не пишут)

Слова-индикаторы: always, sometimes, often, every day, etc.

Past

Употребление

Окончания (-ed) для стандартных глаголов

(2-я форма) для нестандартных глаголов

Вопросительная и отрицательная форма did

1) Когда действие совершилось и время совершения действия указано.

Curie discovered radiation in the 19^th century.

Did Curie discovered radiation in the 19^th century?

Yes, he did. No, he did not.

Curie did not discover radiation.

2) Для выражения ряда действий в хронологическом порядке.

The student went to the library, took some book and started working.

Слова-индикаторы: ago, yesterday, last (year), in 1945, when.

Future

Употребление

1) Для выражения хорошо обоснованного предположения.

Potential energy will convert into kinetic one in this case.

Потенциальная энергий превратится в кинетическую в этом случае.

Will potential energy convert into kinetic one in this case?

Yes, it will. No, it will not.

Potential energy will not convert into kinetic one in this case.

Слова-индикаторы: next, soon, to-morrow.

shall

+ глагол

will

Simple (Indefinite) Passive Voice

Случаи употребления те же, что и Active Voice

Present

Употребление

am

is

are

+ глагол -ed

(3-я ф.)**

“Ogonyok” is published weekly.

Is “Ogonyok” published weekly. (публикуется, издается)

“Ogonyok” is not published daily.

Past

Radiation was discovered by Curie in the 19^th century.

Was radiation discovered by Curie in the 19^th century?

Yes, it was. No, it was not.

Radiation was not discovered by Plank.

was

were

+ глагол -ed

Future

Electric cars will be used in future.

Will electric cars be used in future?

Yes, they will. No, they will not.

These electric cars will not be used in future.

Признаки

shall be

+ глагол –ed

will be (3-я ф.)

Present Continuous, Active

Образование

Употребление

am

is

are

+ глагол -ing

1) Употребляется, когда действие происходит в момент речи или «около сейчас».

2) Для выражения хорошо спланированного будущего действия.

Now they are measuring the pressure (измеряют давление)

Are they measuring the pressure now? Yes, they are.

No, they are not.

They are /not/ measuring the pressure now.

Слова-индикаторы: now, at the moment, these days.

Past Continuous, Active

was

were

+ глагол -ing

1) Для выражения действия в отрезке времени, взятом в прошлом.

2) Для выражения фоновых действий.

They were experimenting on conductivity for 1 0 days last month (проводили опыты по электропроводности).

Were they experimenting on conductivity for 10 days last month? Yes, they were. / No, they were not.

They were/not/ experimenting on conductivity for 10 days last month.

Future Continuous, Active

shall be

will be

+ глагол -ing

1) Для выражения действий в отрезке времени, взятом в будущем.

They will be installing the automatic equipment all next week. (будет устанавливать).

Они будут устанавливать автоматическое оборудование всю следующую неделю.

Will they be installing the automatic equipment all next week? Yes, they will. / No, they will not. They will/not/ be installing the equipment all next week.

Present Continuous, Passive

Образование

Употребление

am

is

are

+ being + гл. –ed

(3-я ф.)

They pressure is being measured now.

Давление сейчас измеряют.

Is the pressure being measured now? Yes, it is. / No, it is not.

They pressure is/not/being measured now.

Past Continuous, Passive

was

were

+ being + гл. -ed (3-я ф.)

Conductivity was being experimented on for 10 days last month.

Проводимость испытывали на протяжении 10 дней в прошлом месяце.

Was conductivity being experimented on for 10 days last month? Yes, it was. / No, it was not.

Conductivity was/not being experimented on for 10 days last month.

Present Perfect, Active

Образование

Употребление

have

has

+ гл. -ed

(3-я ф.)

1) употребляется, когда действие совершилось, а время не указано или не истекло (сегодня, в этом году).

2) Когда действие совершилось и результат налицо.

The scientist has received the isotopes, (получил, т.е. сейчас имеет). Has the scientist received the isotopes? Yes, he has.

No, he has not.

The scientist has /not/ received the isotopes.

Слова-индикаторы: ever, never, just, yet, this week, to-day, times (разы), recently (недавно), for, since.

Past Perfect, Active

had

+глагол -ed (3-я ф.)

1) Употребляется, когда действие совершилось к определенному моменту, взятому в прошлом, или раньше другого действия в прошлом.

The secretary had typed your letter by the lunch time. (напечатала).

Секретарь напечатала вашу письмо к обеду.

Had the secretary typed the letter by the lunch lime?

Yes, she had. / No, she had not.

The secretary had /not/ typed the letter by the lunch time.

Слова-индикаторы: by (6 o’clock yesterday) – к 6 часам вчера; by the time Professor came in. – К тому времени, когда вошел профессор.

Future Perfect, Active

shall have

has

+ глагол –ed

(3-я ф.)

1) Употребляется, когда действие будет совершено раньше

определенного момента в будущем.

The secretary will have typed the letters by 5 p.m. Will the secretary have typed the letters by 5 p.m.? Yes, she will. / No, she will not. The secretary will /not/ have typed the letters by 5pm.

Слова-индикаторы: by (к), before (прежде чем).

Present Perfect, Passive Voice

Употребление

Образование

have

has

+ been + гл. –ed

(3-я ф.)

The isotopes have been made in the reactor. (сделаны = получены и сейчас есть в наличии) Have the isotopes been made in the reactor?

Yes, they have. / No, they have not.

The isotopes have /not/ been made in the reactor.

Признаки

Past Perfect, Passive Voice

had

+ been +

глагол -ed

(3-я ф.)

The letter had been typed by the lunch time.

Had the letter been typed by the lunch time?

Yes, it had. / No, it had not.

The letter had /not/ been typed by the lunch time.

Признаки

Future Perfect, Passive Voice

shall have

will have

+ been +

глагол -ed

(3-я ф.)

The letters will have been typed by 5 p m.

Will the letters have been typed by 5 p.m.?

Yes, they will. / No, they will not.

The letters will /not/ have been typed by 5 p m.

Признаки

Present Perfect Continuous

have

has

+ been + гл. –ing

They have been replacing the equipment for 3 days. (заменяют оборудование уже) Have they been replacing the equipment for 3 days? Yes, they have. No, they have not.

Признаки

Past Perfect Continuous

had

+ been

+ глагол –ing

They had been replacing the equipment for 3 days, when a new instruction arrived (заменяли уже). Had they been replacing the equipment for 3 days, when a new instruction arrived? Yes, they had. No, they had not. They had not been replacing the equipment for 3 days, when a new instruction arrived (не заменяли еще и 3-х дней).

Признаки

Future Perfect Continuous

shall have

will have

+ been

+ глагол –ing

The will have been replacing the equipment for 3 days on Friday (уже будут заменять 3 дня). Will they have been replacing the equipment for 3 days on Friday? Yes, they will. No, they will not. The will not have been replacing the equipment for 3 days on Friday.