
Перевод:
Юридическая профессия в Англии делится на две основные группы: адвокаты и поверенные. Адвокаты выполняют работу в суде, а поверенные выполняют офисную работу. Адвокаты специализируются на представлении дела перед судьей (защите дела в суде) и имеют право быть услышанным, право выступать в суде, даже в высших судебных инстанциях. Им не платят непосредственно клиенты, но они наняты поверенными. Судьи обычно выбираются из самых старших адвокатов. Поверенные тщательно подготавливают дела, которые передают адвокатам. Поверенные также имеют право аудитории в судах низшей инстанции.
В основном, адвокаты проводят большую часть своего времени или в зале суда или в подготовке к защите в суде, а поверенные проводят большую часть своего времени в офисе, консультируя клиентов, проводя исследования и подготавливая документы.
В Соединенных Штатах нет никакого разделения профессии, и адвокат часто делает и офисную работу, и работу по судебному заседанию. Адвокаты – это юристы, которые представляют клиентов в суде. Их обучают в юридических школах и дают право практиковать только в определенном государстве.
В России адвокаты работают главным образом в коллегиях адвокатов – независимые общественные организации. Коллегии адвокатов сформированы в соответствии с территориальными подразделениями – в городах, областях, республиках. На этих территориях любой колледж представлен юридическими фирмами или юридическими консультациями, которые оказывают юридическую помощь гражданам: адвокаты консультируют клиентов, составляют юридические документы, представляют истцов или ответчиков в судебном процессе по гражданскому делу и защищают людей в уголовном судопроизводстве.
Text: Solicitors and Barristers
There are about 66.000 practicing solicitors and over 8.000 practicing barristers in England and Wales. Solicitors and barristers work together on cases but the solicitor is the first point of contact with the law for a client in the UK. The solicitor listens carefully to the client and then explains the legal position and gives advice. Barristers will only see the client in the company of a solicitor who prepares all the documents relevant to the case which will be examined by the barrister.
The barrister is a specialist in advocacy and he has the right of audience. There are only a few solicitors who are allowed to present cases in the higher courts.
Barristers are self-employed in the independent Bar. Solicitors normally get salaries but sometimes they can get extra money in the profits if they are successful.
In addition to the barristers practicing in England and Wales, there are 2000 barristers working as in-house lawyers.
Judges in England and Wales have been barristers for not less than 10 years. Since judges are appointed, they can’t work as barristers. Solicitors do a variety of work. They deal with property, private law, banking, finance, employment law and environmental law.
Перевод:
Существует около 66.000 практикующих поверенных и более чем 8.000 практикующих адвокатов в Англии и Уэльсе. Поверенные и адвокаты сотрудничают в делах, но поверенный - первая инстанция взаимодействия с законом для клиента в Великобритании. Поверенный внимательно слушает клиента и затем объясняет юридический статус и дает совет. Адвокаты видят клиента только в компании поверенного, который готовит все документы, относящиеся к случаю, который будет рассмотрен адвокатом.
Адвокаты специализируются на защите, и имеют право выступать в суде. Есть только несколько поверенных, которым позволено представлять дела в высших судебных инстанциях.
Адвокаты работают на себя в независимых судах. Поверенные обычно получают зарплату, но иногда они могут получить дополнительные деньги в награду за успех.
Кроме адвокатов, практикующих в Англии и Уэльсе, есть 2000 адвокатов, которые являются частными.
Судьи в Англии и Уэльсе должны работать адвокатами не меньше 10 лет. С момента назначения их судьями, они больше не имеют права работать адвокатами.
Поверенные делают разнообразную работу. Они имеют дело с собственностью, частным правом, банковским делом, финансами, трудовым правом и природоохранным законодательством.
Ex. 1. Ответьте на вопросы:
What is the main difference between a barrister and a solicitor?
Barristers are allowed
What kind of lawyers can become judges?
Only lawyers who work for 10 years can become judges.
3. Is it better for a company to have an in-house lawyer or to invite a lawyer in case
of necessity? Give your reasons.
Ex. 2. Исправьте неправильные утверждения, используя выражения из
текстов 1-2:
Both barristers and solicitors have the right of audience.
The main difference between a barristers and solicitors is that barristers do the court work and solicitors do the office work.
Both barristers and solicitors can become judges.
Solicitors can’t become judges.
Both barristers and solicitors have the right to argue a case in high court.
There are only a few solicitors who are allowed to present cases in the higher courts.
Barristers are employed by solicitors to argue a case.
It is better for a company to have an in-house lawyer for legal protection activity of the company.
Ex. 3. Подставьте слово, подходящее данным определениям:
1. Solicitor is a lawyer who gives advice to his clients and prepares documents.
2. Judge is a lawyer who is chosen out of barristers.
3. Barrister is a lawyer who specializes in presenting cases in front of a judge and has the right of audience.
4. Solicitor is a lawyer who employs barristers to argue a case.
5. Barrister is a lawyer who is not directly paid by a client.
Таблица обязанностей
Barristers |
Solicitors |
Через 10 лет могут быть судьями
|
|
Тезисы
Tomsk State University was founded under the pressure of progressive public opinion in 1878 and opened in 1888.
Originally, it had only one faculty – that of medicine.
At present TSU is the largest classic university in the East of Russia.
There are23 departments, 5 branches, educating more than 23,000 students in 85specializations and programs.
TSU was the first to carry out multilevel and continuingeducation.
The university has established 45 centers of pre-admission training
on campuses of secondary schools in different regions of Siberia and Kazakhstan
which annually enable 2,000 people to study mere.
Tomsk University is both the academic and research centre of Siberia.
The University library deserves special attention because it is well known not only in Siberia but in other parts of the country as well.
The University is actively involved in international programs, has signed
agreements of cooperation with a number of foreign universities, conducts student
and scholar exchange, and collaborates in joint educational programs.
Topic: Juvenile Delinquency
Crime is getting younger all over the world. One hears about drug-addicts who have barely reached school age; there are street gangs which include young children, usually with an adult leader. Teenagers today commit all the serious crimes like armed-robbery with violence, murder, sexual offences. The reasons are usually neglect in the family or a dysfunctional family, history of violent behaviour among the relatives, drug and alcohol misuse, bad neighborhoods and peer pressure. Bullying at school and in the street is quite common, and it is hard to take measures against it unless the victim appeals to responsible adults like parents and teachers for help. Very often, when a group of youngsters is caught after a mugging, it becomes clear that ignorance is another reason for crimes: children do not know that they are liable for prosecution even if they are underage. Teens may steal a car, joyride in it and abandon it later, and claim that they did it “just for fun”. They are surprised when they learn that their parents have to pay for the damage done, or that they have to work a set number of days for the community as punishment.
Sometimes one such occasion is enough to teach a child not to become an offender. However, when a youngster is caught after committing the same or a different offence again and again, stricter measures are taken. Young people may even be sent to a correctional institution, and then go to prison when they become of age. Today, we hear about suicide terrorists who are very young, and who become “live bombs”, killing themselves and a lot of innocent strangers for religious causes. It is clear that they are not the masterminds of such crimes, and it is the adult terrorists sending them to senseless death who have to be stopped.
The most recent law in the UK states that a young criminal over the age of 18 may be tried by the court of law. A juvenile delinquent is a child or a young person under the age of 18 who shows no concern for other people or behaves in a criminal way. Young people who misbehave seriously or are criminals are not put into prison but may be sent to a special school to be educated or trained, to try to prevent them from committing a crime again. If it is a first offence and no great harm was done, the court decides who gets custody of a child and what measures should be taken to help them.