
- •Lecture 4 Contracts: Lexical and Grammatical peculiarities (translations aspects)
- •Textual features
- •Types of contract
- •The Structure of Contracts and their Essential Clauses
- •Archaic expressions
- •Lexical Peculiarities of Contracts
- •Grammatical peculiarities of contract translation
- •Translation patterns
- •1) Clause pattern:
- •Prepositions
- •It is important to note that in certain circumstances it may be possible to use more than one preposition, and that there may be small but important differences in meaning between them.
- •Synonyms
- •Conditions
- •Obligations
- •Translate into Ukrainian the sentences given below:
- •Перекласти контракт contract № …
- •1. Subject of Contract
- •2. Insurance
- •3. Terms of payment
- •8. Force-Majeure
- •9. Arbitration
- •10. Miscellaneous
- •11. Legal addresses and bank details
Lecture 4 Contracts: Lexical and Grammatical peculiarities (translations aspects)
From the linguistic point of view, a contract is a type of a document, because any agreement is a completed document fixing some information. As a type of text, contract has its own specific characteristics.
Stylistic peculiarities of all document texts are:
1. concreteness, conciseness, clearness of the stated idea;
2. high capacity of information;
3. strict logic;
4. clear rhythm of sentences;
5. accenting on the main idea with the help of word
repetitions;
6. absence of connotational information;
7. a special system of cliches and stamps;
8. usage of abbreviations, conventional symbols and marks;
9. usage of terms in their direct semantic meaning;
preferential usage of monosemantic words;
10. division of a text into chapters, paragraphs, points, often
numbered (clear compositional structure of a document);
11. usage of definite syntactic models;
12. graphic decoration of a document: quality of paper,
quantity and quality of illustrations, size and kind of print.
The style of contract defines some peculiarities and techniques of its writing. Making contracts is different in some points from writing business letters, such as an offer, an inquiry, a complaint, etc. Some considerations important for business letters are not important for contracts, and vice versa. The main difference is that any contract is made up by two contracting parties and contains information about many subjects. So all points are to be approved by both parties.
Textual features
Due to the commonalities in private legal drafting in English, certain textual features can be identified. Agreements and contracts, which are among the most commonly translated private legal documents from and into English, are often written in similar styles. Such documents vary in their actual content, which can be wide ranging from intellectual property rights transfer to the sale of equipment, depending upon the needs of the clients. They also
vary in terms of length and complexity. Some are short and general but most are lengthy and detailed. In terms of textual components, with respect to general agreements drafted in English, for instance, agreements on business or research collaboration, joint business ventures, or collaborative projects, some common parts and clauses can be identified.
They often include the following:
• heading;
• date of the agreement;
• exordium, i.e. names and addresses of the parties;
• recitals or premises;
• transition, which contains the words of agreement;
• definition clause;
• operative provisions, e.g.:
- rights, obligations and liabilities of the parties;
- force majeure;
- termination;
- breach and remedies;
- dispute resolution;
- notice;
- assignment;
- waiver;
- warranty and exclusion;
- entire agreement clause;
- governing law;
- language clause if two or more languages are involved;
• testimonium;
• signature, date and execution
Types of contract
absolute contract |
безумовний договір |
acceptable contract |
прийнятний контракт |
accessory contract |
допоміжний договір; договір, який випливає з основного договору |
basic contract |
основний контракт |
bilateral contract |
двосторонній контракт |
buy-out contract |
договір про викуп |
chartering contract |
договір фрахтування |
classified contract |
засекречений контракт |
commercial agency contract |
договір про торговельне посередництво |
commodity contract |
контракт на постачання товару |
consignment contract |
договір консигнації |
contract of tenancy |
договір оренди |
consultancy contract |
контракт про надання консультаційних послуг
|
draft contract |
проект контракту |
employment contract |
договір найму • трудовий договір • трудова угода |
fixed-price contract |
• контракт із встановленою ціною |
freight contract |
договір на перевезення |
hire contract |
договір оренди |
incentive contract |
заохочувальний контракт
|
inchoate contract |
попередній договір |
indemnity contract |
гарантійний договір; • договір гарантії від збитків |
lease contract |
договір оренди |
life insurance contract |
договір страхування життя |
outstanding contract |
невиконаний контракт |
preliminary contract |
попередня угода |
principal contract |
основний контракт |
procurement contract |
контракт на закупівлю |
supply contract |
договір на постачання |
supplementary contract |
додаткова угода |
vendor contract |
договір на постачання |
void contract |
недійсний контракт |
according to the contract згідно з умовами контракту;
contract by deed угода, затверджена печаткою • контракт, зумовлений дією;
contract form бланк контракту
contract guarantee гарантія контракту
contract in writing договір у письмовій формі
contract obligations контрактні зобов'язання
expiry of contract закінчення терміну договору
to accept a contract приймати/прийняти контракт
to annul a contract анульовувати/анулювати контракт
to avoid a contract уникати/уникнути договору
to award a contract ухвалювати/ухвалити договір
to be under contract бути зобов'язаним контрактом
to cancel a contract анульовувати/анулювати контракт
to complete a contract виконувати/виконати умови договору
to conclude a contract укладати/укласти договір
to draw up a contract укладати/укласти договір
to enforce a contract виконувати/виконати договір
to execute a contract виконувати/виконати договір
to fulfil a contract виконувати/виконати договір
to implement a contract виконувати/виконати договір
to initial a contract парафувати договір
to prepare a contract готувати/підготувати договір
to repudiate a contract розривати/розірвати договір • анульовувати/анулювати договір
to rescind a contract розривати/розірвати договір • анульовувати/ анулювати договір
to revoke a contract розривати/розірвати договір • анульовувати/анулювати договір
to sign a contract підписувати/підписати контракт
to stipulate by contract передбачати/передбачити контрактом
to terminate a contract припиняти/припинити чинність договору
to violate a contract порушувати/порушити умови договору
to withdraw from a contract виходити/вийти з договору