2. Дайте відповідь на запитання:

1. When were machine tools developed?

2. What are the machine tools?

3. What is the most important machining operation?

4. What is considered to be the backbone of metalcutting?

3. Визначте вірне речення чи невірне згідно змісту тексту.

1. Cutting is the most important of all machining operations.

2. The variety and combination of machine tools are as diverse as those for mechanical working.

3. Drilling and boring machines are its direct descendants.

4. Milling differs from other metal-cutting operations by comma-shaped chips it produces.

5. Leonardo da Vinci’s records show a lathe with a hand drive in use in 1700s.

4. Перекладіть наступні речення з англійської мови на українську, звертаючи увагу на вживання інфінітиву.

1. She did not expect me to do it so quickly.

2. He is known to make his report today.

3. This method proved to be a new one.

4. І heard him mention this professor's name.

5. A lot of people watched the ocean-going ship enter the port.

5. Перекладіть наступні речення з української мови на англійську, звертаючи увагу на зворот there + be.

1. У вашому диктанті немає помилок.

2. Пароплав не вийшов учора з порту, оскільки  була буря.

3. Коли буде потяг на Київ?

4. Чи є іноземні книги в цій бібліотеці? - Так.

5. Словник на полиці.

6. Оберіть вірний варіант.

1. He asked her …to have pork.

a) that they were b) if they are

c) if they were going d) that they are

2. His wife asked… to have.

a) if what did he want b) what he wanted

c) that what he wanted d) if he wanted

3. We’ll have a picnic if it is fine, but what …if it rains?

a) shall we do b) shall we doing

c) to do d) we do

4. Before we got our dog, we … a pet in our family.

a) have never had b) had never had

c) had never been having d) were never having

5. He …that film three times.

a) seen b) has seen

c) seeing d) was seeing

7. Утворіть форми Participle I та Participle II від наступних дієслів.

To keep

To know

To lay

To stay

To play

ВАРІАНТ 12

1.Прочитайте та перекладіть українською мовою , перепишіть та письмово перекладіть весь текст.

Machines

Machines in one sense are as old as the human organism. Man’s organs served as the original model for the simple tools out of which more complex machines were constructed. On the other hand, more complex automatic machines, above all the electronic computers, resemble the human beings in function to exercise a particular kind of work. In general, one may say that the machine is an instru­ment to increase man's power over his environment.

Viewed from the standpoint of techniques, the machine represents the last stage of a long development which began with the development of a simple tool - the stone to extend the reach of the arm. These early instruments are as old as the discovery of iron. But the dawn period of technique lasted tens of thousands of years before the first tools with sharp edges were produced.

The first developments of machines which could shape, move or control environment came in Neolithic Period. This was associated with the development of agriculture and building. At this time the simple machines of classic mechanisms were developed: the inclined planed the lever and the wheel. The earliest form of the wheel ap­peared between 3,500 and 3,000 BC. in Mesopotamia.

. Irrigation systems, Great Pyramids in Egypt may be considered as parts of the early machines which were supplemented by people themselves organized into great work armies, each part restricted in functions. In fact, they were wrought into a highly complex mechanism of interdependent parts directed at one end. The division of labour, specialization in functions and automated res­ponse to remote control gave the work army of 100,000 men (such as employed by Cheops of Ancient Egypt) all the attributes of a great machine.)

A wheeled cart, the potter’s wheel, the spindle, the loom and the plough were the chief beneficiaries of the machine almost up to the Christian era.

The striking feature of the history of the machine is that it is nearly all compressed into the last hundred years. Nevertheless, simple machines whish are essential parts of others have been used for centuries. From experiment with them the fundamental laws of mechanics were discovered and the knowledge has been used in the development of more complex machines and devices.