Developmental Theories 1. Developmental theories provide a set of guiding principles and concepts that describe and explain human development. Some developmental theories focus on the formation of a specific quality, such as Kohlberg's theory of moral development. Other developmental theories focus on growth that happens throughout the lifespan, such as Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. 2. Grand theories of development include psychoanalytic theory, learning theory and cognitive theory. These theories seek to explain much of human behavior, but are often considered outdated and incomplete in the face of modern research. 3. Minitheories describe a small, very specific aspect of development. A minitheory might explain fairly narrow behaviors, such as how self-esteem is formed or early childhood socialization. These theories are often rooted in the ideas established by grand theories, but they do not seek to describe and explain the whole of human behavior and growth. 4. Emergent theories are those that have been created fairly recently and are often formed by systematically combining various minitheories. These theories often draw on research and ideas from many different disciplines, but are not yet as broad or far-reaching as grand theories. The sociocultural theory proposed by theorist Lev Vygotsky is a good example of an emergent theory of development. Содержанию текста соответствует утверждение …

			Emergent theories have interdisciplinary nature and include various minitheories.
			Two best known developmental theories were developed by Russian psychologist.
			There are few psychological theories that explain a wide variety of behaviors.
			Lev Vygostsky centered his interest on topics of child development and education.

Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста. The most updated theories are …

			emergent theories
			grand theories
			minitheories
			learning theories

Ответьте на вопрос: How are minitheories connected with grand theories?

			Minitheories are based on the ideas of grand theories.
			They appeared at the same time.
			They explain the whole of human behavior.
			Grand theories consist of various minitheories.

Основной идеей текста является …

			There are numerous developmental theories that explain human development.
			Grand theories are those comprehensive ideas often proposed by major thinkers.
			Psychologists and researchers consider both grand theories and smaller theories.
			Psychologists and researchers often use grand theories as a basis for exploration.

The Purpose of Emotions 1. Our emotions are composed of a subjective component (how we experience the emotion), a physiological component (how our bodies react to the emotion), and an expressive component (how we behave in response to the emotion). These different elements can play a role in the function and purpose of our emotional responses. Our emotions can be short-lived, such as a flash of annoyance at a co-worker, or long-lasting, such as enduring sadness over the loss of a relationship. 2. Emotions can help us make decisions. Researchers have also found that people with certain types of brain damage that impairs their ability to experience emotions also have a decreased ability to make good decisions. Even in situations where we believe our decisions are guided purely by logic and rationality, emotions play a key role. Emotional intelligence, or our ability to understand and manage emotions, has been shown to play an important role in decision-making. 3. Emotions allow other people to understand us. When we interact with other people, it is important to give cues to help them understand how we are feeling. These cues might involve emotional expression through body language, such as various facial expressions connected with the particular emotions we are experiencing. In other cases, it might involve directly stating how we are feeling. Содержанию текста соответствует утверждение …

			There are three critical components of an emotion.
			We take certain actions in order to experience positive emotions.
			We take certain actions in order to avoid negative emotions.
			Emotional intelligence prevents us from managing emotions.

Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста. Emotions have a major influence on the …

			decisions we make
			actions we take
			problems we solve
			words we say

Ответьте на вопрос: Why are emotions important in our life?

			Our emotions give other people valuable information about our feelings.
			They allow us to respond appropriately and build deeper relationships.
			They allow us to communicate effectively in a variety of social situations.
			Understanding emotions of others gives us clear information about them.